Enzymes

What is an enzyme?
globular protein
which functions as
a biological
Active
catalyst, speeding
site up reaction rate by
lowering activation
energy without
being affected by
the reaction it
catalyse
Enzymes are protein in nature (?)
 Globular protein.
 Ribozymes are RNA molecule with
enzymatic activity.
 Catalytic behaviour of any enzyme
depends upon its primary, secondary,
tertiary or quaternary structure.
 Enzymes of digestive tract and those
found in blood are present in inactive form
called zymogen or proezymes.
 Active site
 Enzymes are composed of
long chains of amino acids that
have folded into a very specific
three-dimensional shape which
contains an active site.

 An active site is a region on

the surface of an enzyme to
which substrates will bind
and catalyses a chemical
reaction.
Enzymes are highly specific for the
type of the reaction they catalyze and
for their substrate.
Mechanism of enzyme action
The enzymatic reactions takes place by binding of
the substrate with the active site of the enzyme
molecule by several weak bonds.
E + S ‹--------› ES --------› E + P

Formation of ES complex is the first step in the

enzyme catalyzed reaction then ES complex is
subsequently converted to product and free
enzyme.
"Lock and key" or Template model
Induced-fit model
e.g. H2O2

e.g. O2 + H2O

Progress of Reaction
Nomenclature / enzyme classification
IUBMB has recommended system of
nomenclature for enzymes & according to them
each enzyme is assigned with two names:

Trivial name (common name, recommended

name).

Systemic name ( official name ).

Systemic name
Each enzyme is characterized by a code no.called
Enzyme Code no. or EC number and contain four
Figure (digit) separated by a dot.
e.g. EC m. n. o. p
First digit represents the class;
Second digit stands for subclass ;
Third digit stands for the sub-sub class or subgroup;
Fourth digit gives the serial number of the particular
enzyme in the list.
e.g. EC 2.7.1.1 for hexokinase.
Systemic name………
According to the IUBMB system of enzyme
nomenclature enzymes are grouped into 6 major
classes
EC 1 OXIDOREDUCTASES
EC 2 TRANSFERASES
EC 3 HYDROLASES
EC 4 LYASES
EC 5 ISOMERASES
EC 6 LIGASES

-
Factors affecting reaction velocity
Temperature
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
Products of the reaction
Presence of activator/inhibitor
Allosteric effects
Time
 Effect of Temperature

Reaction
Velocity
(v0)

Temperature(oC)
 Effect of pH

Trypsin
Pepsin

Reaction
Velocity
(v0)

q r

pH
Rate of the reaction or velocity is directly
propostional to the Enzyme Concentration
when sufficient substrate is present.

Accumulation of Product in a reaction causes

inhibition of enzyme activity.
Effect of Substrate Concentration

Reaction
Velocity
(v0)

Substrate Concentration/arbitrary Units

 Enzyme Kinetics
Study of reaction rate and how they
changes in response to change in
experimental parameter is known as
kinetics.

Amount of substrate present is one of the

key factor affecting the rate of reaction
catalyzed by an enzyme in vitro.
Effect of Substrate Concentration on
Reaction Velocity
 Michaelis- Menten Kinetics
The model involves one substrate molecule,
k1 k2
E + S ‹-------------› ES ------------ › E + P
k-1
Where
 S is the substrate
E is the enzyme
K1, k-1 and k2 are the rate constants
The mathematical equation that defines the
quantitative relationship between the rate of an
enzyme reaction and the substrate concentration is
the Michaelis-Menten equation:
Vmax [S]
V₀ = -------------
Km + [S]
V₀ is the observed velocity at the given [S]
Km is the Michaelis-Menten constant
Km = (K-1 + K2) / K1
Vmax is the maximum velocity at saturating [S] conc.
Lineweaver-Burk (double reciprocal) plot

A linear representation is more accurate

and convinient for determining Vmax and Km.
This equation is obtained by taking
reciprocal of both the side of Michelis-
Menton equation.
1/[S] vs. 1/Vo
Lineweaver-Burk (Double Reciprocal)
Plot

1 Km 1 1
 
v Vmax [ S ] Vmax
 Enzyme Inhibiton
Any substance that can diminish the velocity
of an enzyme catalyzed
These include drugs, antibiotics, poisons,
and anti-metabolites.
Useful in understanding the sequence of
enzyme catalyzed reactions, metabolic
regulation, studying the mechanism of cell
toxicity produced by toxicants.
Forms the basis of drug designing.
 Types of Enzyme Inhibiton

 Reversible inhibitors
 Irreversible inhibitors
Reversible inhibitors can be classified
into :
 Competitive

 Non-competitive

 Un-competitive
Competitive Inhibition
Non-Competitive Inhibition
 Un-competitive Inhibiton

Binds only to the enzyme-substrate complex.

Does not have the capacity to bind to the
free enzyme.
Not overcome by increasing substrate
concentration.
Both the Km and Vmax are reduced.
 
Un-competitive Inhibiton

ES Complex
Enzyme

+ Inhibitor

ESI complex
 Enzyme Inhibition (Plots)

I Competitive I Non-competitive I Uncompetitive

Vmax Vmax Vmax
vo vo
Vmax’ Vmax’
Direct Plots

I I I

Km Km’ [S], mM Km = Km’ [S], mM Km’ Km [S], mM

Vmax unchanged Vmax decreased
Both Vmax & Km decreased
Km increased Km unchanged
Double Reciprocal

1/vo I 1/vo I 1/vo

I
Two parallel
Intersect lines
at Y axis 1/ Vmax 1/ Vmax
Intersect 1/ Vmax
at X axis

1/Km 1/[S] 1/Km 1/[S] 1/Km 1/[S]