Empower B1+grammar Units 9-10

B1+ GRAMMAR
Instituto de Idiomas
UNIT 9:
ENTERTAINMENT
Contents:
• Lesson A: The passive.

• Active and Passive
• Lesson B: Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clause
• Omitting Relative Pronouns
Lesson A: The Passive
We form the passive using be + past participle.
• ACTIVE • PASSIVE
• They make a lot of films in Hollywood.
• A lot of films are made in Hollywood.
• The scriptwriters are writing a new script
this week. • A new script is being written this week.
• The estate agent sold the house for • The house has been sold for $1 million.
$1million. • There was an accident while the bridge
• There was an accident while they were was being built.
building the bridge. • A film will be made from the book.
• A film studio will make a film from the
• Our car was stolen at night.
book.
• Somebody stole the car at night. • The work should be done by an expert.
• An expert should do the work.
• We use passive verb forms:

• When the main thing we are talking about is the object of the verb.
• A film will be made from the book.
• The book should be done by an expert. (We are talking about the work, not the expert.)
• When the agent (the doer) isn’t important.
• The house has been sold for $ 1 million. (We don’t care about the state agent)
• When the agent (the doer) is very obvious.
• A new script is being written this week. (by scriptwriters)
• When we don’t know who did something / what caused something.
• Our car was stolen at night.
• Negative and questions are made in the same way as other uses of be:
• Films aren’t made here. Is a film being made here?
• We use by to introduce the person or thing that did the action (the agent):
• This frame was drawn by one of the animators.
• We usually use with to introduce a tool, instrument or technique that was
used by the agent:
• The pirate’s beard was controlled with a wire.
• We can say something was made by hand or by machine:
• This jumper was made by hand in Scotland.
Complete the passive sentences. Don´t include any agents that are inside
NOW YOUR TURN: brackets.
1. James Cameron directed Avatar 1. Avatar was directed by James Cameron.
2. (People) still make these shoes by hand. 2. These shoes ____________________.
3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3. A new _________________________ .
4. My grand father gave me this watch. 4. I______________________.
5. (We) have told everybody to be here on time. 5. Everybody ______________________.
6. (People) will laugh at you if you wear that hat. 6. You ___________________________.
7. A computer program creates the special effects. 7. The special effects ________________.
8. My parents are looking after our dog this week. 8. Our dog ________________________.
9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I ______________________________.
10.(Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10.My car _________________________.
NOW CHECK YOUR ANSWERS:
1. James Cameron directed Avatar 1. Avatar was directed by James Cameron.
2. (People) still make this shoes by hand. 2.These shoes _are still made by hand.
3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3.A new _bridge will be built next year .
4. My grand father gave me this watch.
4.I was giving this watch by my grandfather.
5. (We) have told everybody to be here on time.
5. Everybody has been told to be here on time.
6. (People) will laugh at you if you wear that hat.
6. You will be laughed at if you wear that hat.
7. A computer program creates the special effects. 7. The special effects are created by a computer program.
8. My parents are looking after our dog this week. 8. Our dog is being looked after my parents this week.
9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I was offered $1000 for my painting.
10.(Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10.My car was being repaired at the time.
Rewrite the sentences as either Yes/No questions (?) or
NOW YOUR TURN: negative (-).
1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport
2. The painting’s already been sold. 2. (?) Has the painting already been sold?
3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) _________________________ .
4. The film´s been made in Brazil. 4. (?) _________________________.
5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) _________________________ .
6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) _________________________.
7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) _________________________.
8. The sculpture has been taken to the piazza. 8. (-) _________________________.
1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport
2. The painting’s already been sold. 2. (?) Has the painting already been sold?
3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) The work won’t be finished by Saturday .
4. The film´s been made in Brazil. 4. (?) Has the film being made in Brazil?.
5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) Are tomatoes grown in Spain? .
6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) The car wasn’t being driven too fast.
7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) Were the costumes made by hand?.
8. The sculpture has been taken to the piazza. 8. (-) The sculpture hasn’t been taken to the piazza.
Lesson B: Defining and non-defining relative clauses.
• Defining relative clauses define a noun or make it more specific. They tell us which particular thing or
what kind of thing. In defining relative clause, we can also use that instead of who or which
• I love music that makes people dance.

• I hate books which don´t have happy endings.
• My dad met the woman who reads the news on TV yesterday!
• They’re the couple that I told you about
• Non-defining relative clause give extra information about a noun, but they are not necessary for the
sentence to make sense:
• The DJ was playing hip hop (This sentence is incomplete)
• The DJ was playing hip hop, which is my favorite kind of music. (This relative clause adds more
information.)
• In writing, we need a coma before and after a non-defining relative clause.

• Don’t use commas in defining relative clauses:
• We visited the market on a Sunday, when they sell clothes and jewelry.
• I met Lucy, who was staying with relatives nearby, for a coffee.
• In both types of relative clause, we can use who, which, whose, where and when:
• Have you been to that restaurant where you cook your own food at the table?
• Did you meet the girl whose father climbed Mt. Everest?
• Omitting relative pronouns

• We can often leave out who / which / that or when from defining relative clauses:
• He likes the cheese (which/that) I bought. (I bought the cheese. Cheese = object)
• Don’t leave out the relative pronoun if it’s the subject of the relative
clause (who, which or that ):
• He likes the cheese that comes from Turkey.
• Never leave out the relative pronoun from a non-defining relative

clause:
• This cheese, which Greg really likes, comes from Turkey.
• (NOT: This cheese, Greg really likes.
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
NOW YOUR TURN:
• Complete the sentences with a word from the box
• Which (X 3) who where when whose (X 2)
1. I love people _________ can make me laugh.
2. I told Paula my secret ______ she then told anyone!
3. The film ______ I saw was really good.
4. I usually listen to music ______ I feel sad.
5. This album, _____ came out in 1967, has some great songs.
6. Mark is the person _____ father used to be a singer.
7. The shop _____ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.
8. I met Sara, _____ husband I work with, yesterday.
NOW CHECK
YOUR TURN:
YOUR ANSWERS:
• Complete the sentences with a word from the box.
•Which (X 3) who where when whose (X 2)
1. I love people _Who_ can make me laugh.
2. I told Paula my secret _which_ she then told anyone!
3. The film _which_ I saw was really good.
4. I usually listen to music _when_ I feel sad.
5. This album, which came out in 1967, has some great songs.
6. Mark is the person _whose_ father used to be a singer.
7. The shop _where_ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.
8. I met Sara, _whose_ husband I work with, yesterday.
NOW YOUR TURN: Rewrite the sentences adding the information in brackets as a defining
relative clauses. Leave out who, which or that if possible.
1. I like the tune. (You were singing it) 1. I like the tune you were singing.
2. That’s the DJ. (he was here two week ago)
2. _________________________ .
3. We need music (It makes you want to dance)
3. _________________________ .
4. That’s the stage. (We’re going to perform there)
4. _________________________ .
5. I’ve got a CD. (You’ll like it)
5. _________________________ .
6. What did you think of the music? (I chose it)
7. What’s the name of your friend? (You borrowed his 6. _________________________ .

CD) 7. _________________________ .
8. The song changed my life. (It’s playing on the radio) 8. _________________________
1. I like the tune. (You were singing it) 1. I like the tune you were singing.
2. That’s the DJ. (he was here two week ago) 2. That’s the DJ who / that was here two week ago.
3. We need music (It makes you want to dance) 3. We need music that makes you want to dance
4. That’s the stage. (We’re going to perform there) 4. That’s the stage where we’re going to perform.
5. I’ve got a CD. (You’ll like it) 5. I’ve got a CD you’ll like.
6. What did you think of the music? (I chose it) 6. What did you think of the music, I chose ?
7. What’s the name of your friend whose CD you borrowed?

7. What’s the name of your friend? (You borrowed his
CD) 8. The song that / which is playing on the radio changed my
life.
8. The song changed my life. (It’s playing on the radio)
References:
Empower – Students book with online course – Reprinted edition – 2018.
Empower – Teacher Book.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org
MURPHY, Raymond - Grammar in use – Reference and Practice for Intermediate Students of English
UNIT 10:
OPPORTUNITIES
Contents:
• 10 A: Second conditional.
• 10 B: Third conditional
Lesson A: Second conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about imagined events or states and their
consequences. They can be about the unreal present or the unlikely future.
Real present Unreal present and consequence
I don’t know the answer. If I knew the answer. I’d tell you.
Likely future Unlikely / imagined future and consequence
She won’t find out that you lied. She would be angry if she found out you had lied.
We usually use the past simple in the if-clause and would in the main clause.
We can also use could or might instead of would:

• You could afford to go on holiday if you were more careful with your money.
• If you tried harder, you might win a medal.
Lesson A: The second conditional
The verb be has a special form in a second conditional. We can use were for all persons ( If I were
you, If you were, If she were, etc.)
If I were taller, I’d be better at basketball.
We use the phrase If I were you to give advice.
If I were you, I wouldn’t eat that fish. It doesn’t smell fresh.
We don’t always need to include the If-clause if the meaning is clear:

E.g.: Look at that house! That would be a good place to live. (… if we moved there)
I’m sure Jack would help you. (… if you asked)
When talking about the future, you can usually choose between the first and second conditional.
Use the first conditional if you think a future If we score one more point, we’ll win.
event is likely. (I think there’s a good chance of this)
Use the second conditional if you think it is If we scored one more point, we’d win.
unlikely. (I think It’s too difficult to do this)
Match the sentence beginnings 1-8 with the most
NOW YOUR TURN: logical endings a-h
Underline the correct option
1. What would / did you do if you’d see / you saw a robbery taking place?
2. Which of your body parts did / would you change if you would / had plastic surgery?
3. If my friend would be / were drunk, but still wanted to drive, I wouldn’t / didn’t let him to do it.
4. If you would be / were invited to the Carondelet Palace, What did / would you wear a suit?
5. If I knew / I’d know his number, I would call / called him at this moment.
6. Would / Did you cheat on your English test if the teacher left / would go the room?
7. What would / did you say if your boyfriend/girlfriend would propose / proposed to you tonight?
8. If a cashier accidentally would give /gave me extra change, I would give / gave it back immediately.
9. If you and your friend would be / were on a sinking ship with only one life-preserver, what do / would you do?
10.I forgot to do the assignment if you didn’t / wouldn’t call me, I was / would be in a lot of troubles.
1. What would / did you do if you’d see / you saw a robbery taking place?
2. Which of your body parts did / would you change if you would / had plastic surgery?
3. If my friend would be / were drunk, but still wanted to drive, I wouldn’t / didn’t let him to do it.
4. If you would be / were invited to the Carondelet Palace, What did / would you wear a suit?
5. If I knew / I’d know his number, I would call / called him at this moment.
6. Would / Did you cheat on your English test if the teacher left / would go the room?
7. What would / did you say if your boyfriend/girlfriend would propose / proposed to you tonight?
8. If a cashier accidentally would give /gave me extra change, I would give / gave it back immediately.
9. If you and your friend would be / were on a sinking ship with only one life-preserver, what do / would you do?
10. I forgot to do the assignment if you didn’t / wouldn’t call me, I was / would be in a lot of troubles.
Lesson B: Third conditional
COMMON USES OF THIRD CONDITIONAL
Third conditional
What does ‘d mean in each sentence? Write had or would.
1. If you’d (___) told me earlier, we’d (___) have saved a lot time.
2. I’d (___) have gone to see you if I’d (___) known that you were sick last week
3. He’d (___) not have taken the exam if he’d (___) known that it would be so difficult.
4. If she’d (___) been hungry, she ‘d (___) have eaten something in a break.
5. If I’d (___) gone to the party last night, I’d (___) be tired now.
What does ‘d mean in each sentence? Write had or would.
1. If you’d (had) told me earlier, we’d (would) have saved a lot time.
2. If you’d (had) told me earlier, we’d (would) have saved a lot time.
3. He’d (would) not have taken the exam if he’d (had) known that it would be so difficult.
4. If she’d (had) been hungry, she ‘d (would) have eaten something in a break.
5. If I’d (had) gone to the party last night, I’d (would) be tired now.
Correct the mistakes.
1.If you’d been there, you would enjoy yourself.

1.you would have enjoyed.
2.We couldn’t have bought the house if they wouldn’t have lent us
2._______________________________ .
the money.
3.If they hadn’t noticed the fire, the whole house could burned
3._______________________________.
down. 4._______________________________.
4.If I know it was dangerous, I’d never have gone there.
5._______________________________.
5.What you would have done if I hadn’t helped you?
6._______________________________.
6.He could have been an opera singer if he’d have some training.
7.If they’d arrive a few minutes later, they might have missed you 7._______________________________.
1.If you’d been there, you would enjoy yourself.
1.you would have enjoyed.
2.We couldn’t have bought the house if they wouldn’t have lent us
2._if they hadn’t lent us_______ .
the money.
3.If they hadn’t noticed the fire, the whole house could burned 3.could have burned down.
down.
4.If I had known _________________ .
4.If I know it was dangerous, I’d never have gone there.
5.___What would you have done __ .
5.What you would have done if I hadn’t helped you?
6.___If he’d had _____________ .

6.He could have been an opera singer if he’d have some training.
7.If they’d arrive a few minutes later, they might have missed you. 7.If they’d arrived _________
References:
• Empower – Students book with online course – Reprinted edition – 2018.
• Empower – Teacher Book.
• https://dictionary.cambridge.org
• MURPHY, Raymond and Altman, Roann - Grammar in use – Reference and
Practice for Intermediate Students of English of English
• Jacobi, Martin – Grammar Practice; Worksheet for 180 Interactive Grammar
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B1+ GRAMMAR

• Lesson A: The passive.

• We use passive verb forms:

1. James Cameron directed Avatar 1. Avatar was directed by James Cameron.

2. (People) still make these shoes by hand. 2. These shoes ____________________.

3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3. A new _________________________ .

4. My grand father gave me this watch. 4. I______________________.

5. (We) have told everybody to be here on time. 5. Everybody ______________________.

9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I ______________________________.

10.(Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10.My car _________________________.

1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport

3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) _________________________ .

4. The film´s been made in Brazil. 4. (?) _________________________.

5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) _________________________ .

6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) _________________________.

7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) _________________________.

8. The sculpture has been taken to the piazza. 8. (-) _________________________.

1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport

5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) Are tomatoes grown in Spain? .

• I love music that makes people dance.

• In writing, we need a coma before and after a non-defining relative clause.

• Omitting relative pronouns

• Never leave out the relative pronoun from a non-defining relative

• Which (X 3) who where when whose (X 2)

1. I love people _________ can make me laugh.

2. I told Paula my secret ______ she then told anyone!

3. The film ______ I saw was really good.

4. I usually listen to music ______ I feel sad.

6. Mark is the person _____ father used to be a singer.

7. The shop _____ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.

8. I met Sara, _____ husband I work with, yesterday.

1. I love people _Who_ can make me laugh.

2. I told Paula my secret _which_ she then told anyone!

3. The film _which_ I saw was really good.

4. I usually listen to music _when_ I feel sad.

6. Mark is the person _whose_ father used to be a singer.

7. The shop _where_ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.

8. I met Sara, _whose_ husband I work with, yesterday.

7. What’s the name of your friend? (You borrowed his 6. _________________________ .

7. What’s the name of your friend whose CD you borrowed?

We can also use could or might instead of would:

We don’t always need to include the If-clause if the meaning is clear:

1.If you’d been there, you would enjoy yourself.

6.___If he’d had _____________ .

You might also like

6._If he’d had ___________ .