BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION
BBB10302
 EXCAVATION

•Is the process of moving earth, rock

or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives.

•It includes earthwork, trenching,

wall shafts, tunneling and
underground.
TYPES OF EXCAVATION
MASS EXCAVATION
It involves extensive
quantities of soil, which has
been excavated from the
ground at the depth
required
Involves heavy machineries
STRUCTURAL
EXCAVATION
It involves a series of smaller,
more intricate digs -
structural elements : column,
spread, or strip footings or
temporary tower crane
foundations..
Involves machineries/ tools
SITE CUT & FILL
EXCAVATION
Work conducted by a
scraper fleet : one scraper
machine makes thin cuts,
and the bowl is filled with
soil obtained from the cuts,
then used as onsite soil fil to
achieve the desired grades.
Involves scrapper, dozer
 • What type of excavation
CASE 1 • Machineries/ tools
• What process involved
 • What type of excavation
CASE 2 • What process involved
• Machineries / Excavation equipment
 • What type of excavation
CASE 3 • What process involved
• Machineries / Excavation equipment
 • What type of excavation
CASE 4 • What process involved?
• Machineries / Excavation equipment
 • What type of excavation
CASE 6 • What process involved
• Machineries/ Excavation equipment
CASE 6 • What type of excavation
• What process involved
• Machineries/ Excavation equipment
 • What type of excavation
CASE 7 • What process involved
• Machineries/ Excavation equipment
WHAT? WHY? HOW?
What is “cave in”?
NEEDS CONSIDERATION OF EXCAVATION
The Type of Subsoil
Some form of geotechnical survey of the site is usually conducted prior to any excavation work. This survey is
aimed at establishing the nature of the subsoil in the area so that an appropriate excavation method is selected.
For instance, the existence of very soft soils can affect the decision to use of various techniques, such as shoring,
to support the walls of the excavation.

Ground Water Conditions

The magnitude of the protection that is created at the excavation site is also affected by the ground water
conditions at that specific site. For instance, locations with high water tables may call for the use of dewatering
pumps as excavation works are going on. Alternatively, watertight sheet piling may be chosen in order to keep
ground water from flooding the trenches or excavations that are being made.

The Surrounding Conditions

The vicinity of the proposed excavation site also exerts an influence on how the excavation will be done. For
example, the presence of another building near the excavation site may prompt the excavation contractor to
underpin the foundation of that adjacent building so that it doesn't collapse when the soil near it is disturbed by
excavation works. Municipal drains may also need to first be diverted in case a survey finds that such drains are
running through the proposed excavation site.

Project Size
The size or scale of the excavation work that needs to be done greatly influences the techniques of excavation
that will be used. For example, it may not be necessary to sequence excavation works in case the area to be
excavated is small. Sequencing is usually necessary for several reasons, such as creating access for trucks and
equipment that will be involved in the complex project. It may be hard to ferry excavation debris away from a
site in case sequencing isn't done.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fq2CpfLCYNk

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PROTECTION
OF
EXCAVATION
TYPE OF PROTECTION