SKILL DEVELOPMENT

MR. DANISH BASHIR MANGI

1
 C O M P U T E R H IS TO RY A N D
DEVELOPMENT

The history of computing is mainly

divided into three ages during which man
invented and improved machines.
• These ages are Dark age, Middle Age, and
Modern Age”

2
DAR K A GE 3000 B C TO 1890 AD

3
ABACUS

4
 ABACUS

The Abacus is thousand of years old and used

worldwide is most ancient of digital computer. The
Abacus was the first instrument that was used for
helping men making calculations. Abacus was
developed in China around 3000 BC.

5
NAPIER’S BONES

6
 NAPIER’S BONES
In 1917, a Scottish
mathematician John Nepler,
designed a device called
Napier’s Bones. His benes were
set of 11 rods with number of
marked on them in such a way
that by simply placing rod a
side bye side products and
quotients of large numbers
could be obtained easily.

7
SLIDE RULE

8
 SLIDE RULE
William Ought-red developed the Slide Rule in 1622 based on
the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Before the
advent of the pocket of calculator, it was the most commonly
used calculation tool in science and engineering. Slide rules
come in a diverse range of styles and generally appear in a
linear or circular for with a standardized set of markings
essential to performing mathematical computations. The use of
Slide Rule continued to grow through the 1950s and1960s.

9
PASCAL’S CALCULATOR

A French
mathematician, Blaise
Pascal developed the first
mechanical calculator
called Pascaline in 1672. it
could only add and
subtract and the result
could be obtained up to
eight digits.

10
LEIBNIZ’S CALCULATOR

11
LEIBNIZ’S CALCULATOR

In 1671, Leibniz invented a better calculating

device as compared to Pascal device which
only added and subtracted but Leibnitz device
could also multiply, divide and find square
root.

12
ARITHOMETER

13
 ARITHOMETER

Arithometer built in 1820 by Charles

Xavier Thomas de Colmar of France. It
could perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. It was
extremely popular and sold for 90 years.
In contrast to the modern calculators
credit-card size, the Arithometer was
large enough to cover a desktop

14
DIFFERENCE ENGINE

15
FATHER OF COMPUTER

16
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE

Charles Babbage (1792-1871), a great mathematician, the most deserving

name in the history and development of computer. Now he is known as
Father of Computer because he gave concept of true computer only part
of this engine was ever constructed. It was based on pre-defined formulas.
It consists of three basic parts:
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
2. Memory Unit (MU)
3. Control Unit (CU)

17
ANALYTICAL ENGINE

18
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Charles Babbage invents the first computer called Analytical Engine. It

was program-controlled, general purpose. Automatic mechanical
computer. It could be able to perform any calculation set before it.
There is no evidence that anyone before Babbage has ever conceived of
such a device, let alone attempted to build one. The machines was
designed to consist of four components; the Mill (Calculating Unit), the
store, the reader, and the printer. These components are the essential
components of every computer today.

19
MIDDLE AGE (1890 TO 1944 AD)

20
HOLLERITH TABULATING

21
HOLLERITH TABULATING

In 1890, the US Census bureau

asked Dr. Herman Hollerith to find
a way to speed-up the processing of
census data.
Hollerith developed a mechanical
tabulator based on punched cards
in order to rapidly tabulate
statistics from millions of pieces of
data.

22
ATA N A S O F F B E R RY C O M P U T E R ( A B C )

23
ATA N A S O F F B E R RY C O M P U T E R ( A B C )

In 1937, J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at

lowa state university, attempted to build the first Electronic
Digital Computer called “Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC)” that
can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This was the first time a
computer is able to store information on its main memory.
After that there was no major invention, but performance, speed
and capabilities of existing machine were improved.

24
MODERN AGE (SINCE 1944)

25
 MARK – 1

The first Electro-Mechanical Computer was developed at

Harvard University by Howard Aiken with his students and
engineers of IBM completed the project in 1944 and known as
Mark-1. it could store information and instruction and it was
the realization of Babbage’s dream. The IBM introduced its
new version as Mark – 2 in 1945.

26
 ENIAC

Electronic
Numerical
Integrator and
Calculator

27
 ENIAC

ENIAC in 1946, John W. Mauchly and J.P. Eckert developed

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) as a
result of Military Needs it could perform 5000 additions in a
second.

28
 EDVAC

ELECTRONIC
DISCRETE
VARIABLE
AUTOMATICS
COMPUTER)

29
 EDVAC

Improved version of ENIAC was developed by

John Von Newman in 1949 that could store
both the program as well as data. Afterwards
computer with automatics data processing
capabilities were developed.

30
 G E N E R AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R

The computers are categorized in five generations. Each

generation is characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the way computers
operate, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable
devices.

31
1 S T G E N E R AT I O N
( VA C U U M T U B E S )

32
 1 S T G E N E R AT I O N
( VA C U U M T U B E S )

The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drum for memory and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
These computers were the fastest calculating device of their time. They could
perform 5000 additions in a second. They were very expensive and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat which was often the cause
of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations,
and they could only solve one problem at a time.

33
1 S T GENERATION

34
 ADVANTAGES

Vacuum tubes were as electronic components

Electronic digital computers were developed
Fastest computers were performed in millisecond

Punch cards were used for input and output

35
 DISADVANTAGES

Too large in size

These computers were unreliable

Vacuum tubes produces large amount of heat

Frequent hardware failures in these computers

Non-portable computers

Commercial production was difficult and costly

Operating speed was very slow

36
S E C O N D G E N E R AT I O N
(TRANSISTORS)

37
 S E C O N D G E N E R AT I O N
(TRANSISTORS)

The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in
computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum
tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy.
Efficient and more reliable than first generation computers.
Transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subject the computer to
malfunction. In second generation computers assemble languages were used
which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.

38
S E C O N D G E N E R AT I O N
(TRANSISTORS)

39
 ADVANTAGES

Transistors were used as internet components

Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.

Reliability increased
Magnet tape and were used as wider secondary storage

Hardware failure was rare

Commercially used

Better portability

40
 DISADVANTAGES

Commercial production was so expensive

Frequently maintenance required

Air-conditioning required for computer

41
T H I R D G E N E R AT I O N ( I N T E G R AT E D
CIRCUIT)

42
 T H I R D G E N E R AT I O N ( I N T E G R AT E D
CIRCUIT)

The development of IC was the hallmark of third generation

of computers. Instead of punched cards and print outs, users
interacted with third generation computers through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with an operation system.
Operating system allowed to device to run many different
applications at a time with a central program that monitored
the processor and memory.

43
T H I R D G E N E R AT I O N ( I N T E G R AT E D
CIRCUIT)

44
 ADVANTAGES

Smaller in size compared to previous generation computers due

to the use of Integrated Circuit (IC)
Computers speed was in Nano seconds
Reliability increased in these computers
Heat generation was rare

Very easy portable

Commercially production was cheaper and easier

45
 DISADVANTAGES

IC making was difficult task

46
 4 T H G E N E R AT I O N
(MICRO-PROCESSORS)

47
 4 T H G E N E R AT I O N
(MICRO-PROCESSORS)

The micro-processors brought the 4th generation of computers,

thousands of ICs were built onto a single silicon chip.
IBM introduced its first computer for the home user and apple
introduced the Macintosh. As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks.
fourth generation computers also saw the development of
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) the mouse and handled devices.

48
 ADVANTAGES
Smaller in size
Computation speed was faster than previous
These computers were reliable computers
No air-conditioning required
Minimum maintenance required
Computer speed was in picoseconds (one trillionth of a second)
Heat generation was negligible
Totally general purpose computers
Cheapest in prices

49
 DISADVANTAGES

Very advanced technology required to make a

microprocessor

50
 5 T H G E N E R AT I O N
( A RT I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E )

51
 5 T H G E N E R AT I O N
( A RT I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E )

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial

intelligence, are still in development, through there are some
applications, such as voice recognition that are being used today.
The goal of 5th generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning .

52
 ADVANTAGES

All previous advantages with amazing improvement

Very huge storage capacity available in this generation

Laptop computers introduced

53
 DISADVANTAGE

Not reported

54
55
56
57
THANK YOU

58
ALLAH HAFIZ

59