ENTHALPY

WHAT IS ENTHALPY?
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function equal to the internal
energy plus pressure x volume.
H = E + PV
Where,
H = ENTHALPY
E = Internal Energy of the System
P = Pressure of the System
V = Volume of the System
PROPERTIES OF ENTHALPY
1.Enthalpy is a state function.
2.Enthalpy is an extensive property.
3.Enthalpy is reversible. The enthalpy change for a
reaction is equal in magnitude, but opposite in
sign, to ΔH for the reverse reaction.
4.ΔH for a reaction depends on the state of the
products and the state of reactants.
When the system changes at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy, ΔH, is
ΔH = Δ(E + PV)

This can be written as ΔH = ΔE + PΔV

Since ΔE = q + w and w = -PΔV, we can substitute these into the enthalpy

expression:
ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
ΔH = (q + w) - w
ΔH = q

The enthalpy change, ΔH, is defined as the heat gained or lost by the system
under constant pressure.
ΔH = qp
 ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
Change in Enthalpy Change in Work done
-the heat added or Internal Energy by the
removed from the system
system
 ΔH = ΔE + PΔV

ΔE = q + w - according to the first law of thermodynamics

ΔE = q – PΔV
ΔH = q – PΔV + PΔV
ΔH = qp

If ΔH > 0 ENDOTHERMIC (absorb heat)

If ΔH < 0 EXOTHERMIC (release heat)
 Example
An ideal gas expands from a volume of 6 dm 3 to 16 dm3 against
constant external pressure of 2.026 x 10 5 N/m2. Find the enthalpy
change if ΔE is 418 J.

Given:
V1 = 6dm3 = 6 x 10-3 m3 = 0.006 m3
V2= 16dm3 = 16 x 10-3 m3 = 0.016 m3
Pext = 2.026 x 105 N/m2 = 202 600 N/m2
ΔE = 418 J
Example
Solution:
W = -PΔV
= - (202 600 N/m2) (0.016 m3 – 0.006 m3)
W = -2, 026 J

ΔE = q + w
q = ΔE – w
q = 418 J – (-2, 026 J)
q = 418 J + 2, 026 J
q = 2, 444 J
ΔH = 2, 444 J (endothermic)
 
 TYPES
OF
ENTHALPY
1.Enthalpy of Formation
2.Enthalpy of Combustion
3.Enthalpy of Solution
4.Enthalpy of Neutralisation
5.Enthalpy of Dissociation
6.Dilution Enthalpy
7.Precipitation Enthalpy
8.Enthalpy of Hydration
9.Fusion Enthalpy
10.Vaporisation Enthalpy
ENTHALPY OF FORMATION

It can be defined as the amount of heat

emitted or absorbed when one mole is
formed from its constituent elements. It
can be expressed as ΔHof.
Enthalpy of Formation

Example:
1. What is the enthalpy change for the reaction shown below using
the enthalpies of formation listed in the table.
NH3 (g) -46 kJ/mol
4 NH3 (g) + 7 O2 (g)  4 NO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g) NO2 (g) +34 kJ/mol
H2O (l) -286 kJ/mol

ΔHrxno = ∑ ΔHof (products) - ∑ ΔHof (reactants)

ΔHrxno = [ 4 NO2 + 6 H2O] – [ 4 NH3 + 7 O2]
ΔHrxno= [ 4 (34) + 6 (-286)] – [ 4 (-46) + 7 (0)]
ΔHrxno= -1396 kJ/mol
Enthalpy of Formation

Example:
2. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation for liquid acetone
(C3H6O) in kJ/mol. HO 2 -241.8 kJ/mol
(g)

CO2 (g) -393.5 kJ/mol

C3H6O(l) + 4 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g) C3H6O(l) -247.48 kJ/mol
O2 (g) 0
Enthalpy of Formation

Sample Problem:
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation for the reaction, CH 4(g) +
2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
CH(4)(g) -74.8 kJ/mol
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) CO2 (g) -393.5 kJ/mol
H2O(l) -285.8 kJ/mol
O2 (g) 0

ΔHrxno = ∑ ΔHof (products) - ∑ ΔHof (reactants)

ENTHALPY OF COMBUSTION
The enthalpy of combustion is the change
in a system’s enthalpy when one mole of
a substance is completely burnt in excess
of air or oxygen. It is represented by
ΔcH .o
 ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION
The enthalpy of solution is the change in enthalpy that occurs
when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a specific
amount of solvent at a specific temperature.

Example:
ENTHALPY OF NEUTRALISATION
The enthalpy of neutralisation is the change in a system’s
enthalpy when one gram equivalent of an acid is neutralised
by one gram equivalent of a base or vice versa in dilute
solution.
Example:
ENTHALPY OF DISSOCIATION
The quantity of heat absorbed when one mole of a substance
completely dissociates into its ions is the enthalpy of
dissociation.
Example:
DILUTION ENTHALPY
The amount of heat emitted or that is absorbed at a time when
a one mole containing solution gets diluted from a given
concentration to another is known as the enthalpy of dilution.

Example:
PRECIPITATION OF ENTHALPY
The amount of heat released in one mole’s precipitation in a
scarcely soluble substance when appropriate electrolytes’
diluted solutions are mixed is known as enthalpy of rainfall.

Example:
ENTHALPY OF HYDRATION
The enthalpy of hydration is defined as the change in enthalpy
that occurs when one mole of anhydrous salt is combined with
the requisite number of moles of water to generate hydrated
salt.
Example:
 FUSION ENTHALPY
Enthalpy of fusion is the change in enthalpy that occurs when
one mole of a solid substance is converted into a liquid state at
its melting point. Consider the melting of one mole of ice at its
melting point of 0∘C or 273∘F.

Example:
 VAPORISATION ENTHALPY
The enthalpy change during the conversion of a substance’s 1
mole from the liquid state to gas when at boiling point is
known as enthalpy of vaporisation.

Example: