IR Infrared Based

Security Alarm Project

 PROJECT DETAILS
PROJECT TITLE IR INFRARED BASED SECURITY ALARM.

NAME OF STUDENTS WITH ROLL NO’s: VANSHIKA(19202610045),

VINAY(19202610049),
KOMAL(19202610024).

DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING.

SEMESTER 4TH.

NAME OF INVESTIGATOR DR. NEERU

 INTRODUCTION

IR based security alarm circuit can detect any

movement and trigger the alarm. This circuit is very
useful in homes, banks, shops, restricted areas where
an alert alarm is needed on any movement. This
circuit is based on IR sensor where an IR beam is
continuously falling on a photodiode, and whenever
this Infrared beam breaks, by any kind of movement,
alarm is triggered.
IR sensor consist an IR LED and photodiode, in which
IR LED emits IR radiation and photodiode detects the
radiation. Photodiode conducts current in reverse
direction, whenever light falls on it, and voltage
across it changes, this voltage change is sensed by
voltage comparator (like LM358) and generates
output accordingly.
In this IR based security alarm circuit, we have placed IR LED in front of photodiode,
so that IR light can directly falls on photodiode. Whenever someone moves through
this beam, IR rays stops falling on photodiode and Buzzer start beeping. Buzzer
automatically stops after some time, as buzzer is connected to 
555 timer in monostable mode.
 COMPONENTS

S. No Component Value Qty

1 Buzzer – 1
2 Capacitor 10uF 1
3 Variable resistor 10k 1
4 IC 555 timer 1
5 IC(OPAMP) LM358 1
6 Resistor 100ohm 1
7 Resistor 10k 1
8 Resistor 100k 1
9 Resistor 330 ohm 1
10 Resistor 220 ohm 1
11 IR PAIR - 1
IR SENSOR:IR sensor is very popular sensor, which is used in many applications in electronics, like it is used in
Remote control system, motion detector, Product counter, Line follower Robots, Alarms etc.
IR sensor basically consist an IR LED and a Photodiode, this pair is generally called IR pair or Photo coupler.
WORKING PRINCIPAL: IR sensor work on the principal in which IR LED emits IR radiation and Photodiode sense
that IR radiation. Photodiode resistance changes according to the amount of IR radiation falling on it, hence the
voltage drop across it also changes and by using the voltage comparator (like LM358) we can sense the voltage
change and generate the output accordingly.

The placing of IR LED and Photodiode can be done in two ways: Direct and Indirect. In Direct incidence, IR LED and
photodiode are kept in front of one another, so that IR radiation can directly falls on photodiode. If we place any
object between them, then it stops the falling of IR light on photodiode.
Indirect Incidence, both the IR LED and Photo diode are placed in parallel (side by side), facing both in same
direction. In that fashion, when a object is kept in front of IR pair, the IR light gets reflected by the object and
gets absorbed by photodiode. Note that object shouldn’t be black as it will absorb all the IR light, instead of
reflect. Generally IR pair is placed in this fashion in IR sensor Module.

IR LED
IR LED emits light, in the range of Infrared
frequency. IR light is invisible to us as its
wavelength (700nm – 1mm) is much higher than
the visible light range. Everything which produce
heat, emits infrared like for example our human
body. Infrared have the same properties as visible
light, like it can be focused, reflected and polarised
like visible light.
PhotoDiode
Photodiode is considered as Light dependent
Resistor (LDR), means it has very High resistance in
absence of light and become low when light falls on
it. Photodiode is a semiconductor which has a P-N
junction, operated in Reverse Bias, means it start
conducting the current in reverse direction when
Light falls on it, and the amount of current flow is
proportional to the amount of Light. This property
makes it useful for IR detection.
LM358
LM358 is an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) and in
this circuit we are using it as a voltage comparator.
The LM358 has two independent voltage
comparators inside it, which can be powered by
single PIN, so we can use the single IC to build two IR
sensor modules. We have used only one comparator
here, which have inputs at PIN 2 & 3 and output at
PIN 1. Voltage comparator has two inputs, one is
inverting input and second is non-inverting input
(PIN 2 and 3 in LM358). When voltage at non-
inverting input (+) is higher than the voltage at
inverting input (-), then the output of comparator
(PIN 1) is High. And if the voltage of inverting input
(-) is Higher than non-inverting end (+), then output
is LOW.
CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
EXPLANATION:

We have used op-amp LM358 in this circuit, LM358 has two voltage comparators inside it. Non-inverting end
(PIN3) of voltage comparator is connected to the Photodiode and inverting end (PIN 2) of voltage comparator is
connected to a variable resistor of 10k. Output of the voltage comparator (PIN1) is fed to the Trigger pin of 555
timer. 555 Timer is configured in monostable mode here.
WORKING:
While the IR radiation is falling on Photodiode, the voltage at
the non-inverting end (+) of voltage comparator is higher than
the inverting end (-) and the output of the comparator is
HIGH. And as the comparator output is connected to the
trigger PIN of the 555 timer, so the when the Trigger pin 2 is
high, the 555 output is low. So during the period when the IR
rays falls on Photodiode, the 555 timer output remains LOW.

Now when there is some movement, the falling of IR rays on

Photodiode gets interrupted and the voltage at inverting end
(Threshold voltage) of voltage comparator becomes higher
than non-inverting end, for some moment. This makes the
output of comparator LOW and also makes the Trigger PIN 2
of 555 timer LOW. This will trigger the 555 timer, and 555
timer’s OUTPUT goes HIGH and Buzzer beeps for short
duration. Duration of the beep can be increased by changing
the value of resistor R1 or capacitor C1 (RC network in
monostable mode of 555 timer IC). Note that 555 IC gets
triggered when Trigger PIN 2 gets LOW.
Notes:
 Normally the range of IR LED is 2 meter, but it
can be increased by using Lens.
 AC alarm can be used in place of Buzzer, by
using Relay.
 IR LED and Photodiode must be properly aligned
so that IR rays can directly falls on photodiode.
 The sensitivity of the sensor can be changed by
variable resistor RV1.
Application:

 An IR based security alarm circuit has plenty of

advantages in homes, shops, banks.

 This circuit is useful in any kind of restricted

area as it detects any slight movement and
activates an alarm.