ENERGIZER

Words made from

element symbols
 Lessons that We Can learn!!!!!
1. Mole and 2. Molar 3.
d Conversion
Avogadro's Mass and of Mole,
Number Number of Molar Mass
Molecules and Number
of Molecules
4. Percent 5. Calculating
Composition Empirical and
Molecular
Formula
Who Propose the Mole?
LORENZO ROMANO AMADEO
l CARLO AVOGADRO
He is an Italian Physicist and chemist
l
Born in Turin Italy
l
Born on August 9,1773

Most noted for his contribution to molecular theory

now known as “Avogadro’s Law

Avogadro’s number represent quantities which is

a constant 6.022 x 1023 particles
Avogadro's Number
Avogadro Constant

It indicates the number of atoms or molecules

in a mole of any substance

6.022 140 76×10²³ mol⁻¹

It is
written in
Or 6.02 x 1023 scientific
notation

This is AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
Avogadro's Number
Avogadro Constant

6.02214076×10²³ mol⁻¹

Or 6.02 x 1023
is the proportionality factor that relates the number of
constituent particles in a sample with the amount of
substance in that sample.
Avogadro's Number
Avogadro Constant

6.022 140 76×10²³ mol⁻¹

In 1811, Avogadro propose his hypothesis which stated :

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure

contain the same number of molecules

This hypothesis makes it easier to perform

calculations

involving gases
 The Mole
What Is Mole?
6.02214076×10²³ mol⁻¹

It express in per unit of mole

 The Mole
What Is Mole?
It also spelled mol, in chemistry, a
standard scientific unit for measuring
A mole is like a dozen or pairs
large quantities of very small entities
such as atoms, molecules, or other
specified particles.

A mole consist of 6.022 x 1023

It is the amount of substance that contains the
particles which indicates atoms,
same number of atoms or molecules or
molecules or ions. This number is
particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of
called Avogadro’s number.
Carbon - 12
 HOW TO CALCULATE MOLES

1. To calculate moles, divide the number of atoms by avogadro’s number 6.02 x 1023

number of atoms
Moles = 6.02 x 1023
2. Divide mass by molecular mass

Mass (in g)
Moles = Formula or molecular mass

3. To calculate molar mass, multiply the number of particles by mass number

Molar mass = Number of particles x Mass number

Table 1: One- Mole Sample of Common Substance

SUBSTANCE NO. OF PARTICLES TYPES OF PARTICLES

ELEMENTS
1 mole K 6.02 x 1023 Potassium atom

1 mole Zn 6.02 x 1023 Zinc atom

COMPOUNDS
1 mole of MgCl2 6.02 x 1023 MgCl2 formula unit

1 mole of Vitamin C 6.02 x 1023 C6H8O6

APPLICATION OF THE MOLE
CONCEPT IN CALCULATION
Problem #1
You have 2.35 moles of Fe. How many iron
atoms are present in the sample?

6.022 x 1023 atoms

2. 35 mol x
1 mole Fe
Fe
2. 35 x 6.022 x 1023 atoms
1
= 1.42 x 1024 Fe atoms
 Problem #2 x 1 mole S
7.65 x 10 22
6.022 x 1023
atoms S
atoms S
7.65 x x 1 mol S = 0.127 mol
1022 S
6.022 x
1023

7.65 x 1022 Sulfur atoms.

How many moles of sulfur
are present in the sample?
Molar Mass
 Avogadro’s number
6.02214076×10²³ mol⁻¹

Mole Atoms

ATOMIC
MOLECULA WEIGHT
R Often used in
FORMULA calculations
“Molar Mass”

In chemistry, the molar mass of a chemical

compound is defined as the mass of a
sample of that compound divided by the
amount of substance which is the number
of moles in that sample, measured in
moles. The molar mass is a bulk, not
molecular, property of a substance.
 “Molar Mass”
It is the mass in grams that is numerically
equal to the atomic or formula mass of the
substance.
Example

The atomic mass of sodium atom is 22. 990 or 23.0

amu. The molar mass of sodium is 23.0 g which
contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms.

Sodium symbol (Na)

Na = 1 x 23 = 23
Calculation of the formula
weight of a substance
What is the formula weight?

NaOH
= 39.996 g/mole or
22.989 + 15.999 + 1.008 40 g/mole

H2O
= 18.015 g/mole or
1.008 x 2 + 15.999 18 g/mole
Example
Calculate the formula mass of C12H20O13 (red
pigment in paint and ink)

C= 12 X 12 = 144
H=
0=
20
13
X
X
1
16
=
=
20
208
+ = 372 amu
Table 2: Formula Masses, Molar Masses and number of particles of one-
mole substance
Substance Formula mass (g) Molar mass (g) No. of particles
Elements
Mg 24.3 24.3 6.02 x 1023 Mg atoms
Si 28.1 28.1 6.02 x 1023 Si atoms
C 12.0 12.0 6.02 x 1023 C atoms
Compounds
NaBr (sedative) 102.9 102.9 6.02 x 1023 NaBr formula
units
Al(OH)3 (antacid) 78.0 78.0 6.02 x 1023 Al(OH)3
formula units

C12H20O13 (red pigment 372.0 372.0 6.02 x 1023 carmine

in paints and inks molecules
Formula or Molecular
mass
Formula mass (molecular mass) is defined as the mass in grams of a
mole of a substance. It is the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in the
molecule. One mole of a substance is equal to its formula mass
expressed in grams

Formula mass Molecular mass

It is used for compounds that are It is used for compounds that are
made up of ions and have primarily composed of molecules and have
ionic bonding primarily covalent bonding

Convenient as it can be used for Used only for covalent compounds

both ionic and covalent compounds which consist of molecules like
sucrose (C12H22O11 ), ethyl alcohol
(C2H5OH ), and carbon monoxide
(CO)
Example
Calculate the formula mass of Al(OH)3
Solution
When a formula contains a polyatomic ion, you must consider the subscript outside the
parenthesis. In the formula Al(OH)3, there is only one atom of Al, 3 atoms of oxygen
and 3 atoms of H. The atomic mass of each element is taken from the periodic table and
rounded off to the nearest tenths. The formula mass is calculated as follows:

No. of atoms in formula Atomic mass Total mass for each element

1 mol Al x 27.0 amu = 27. 0 amu

1 Mol Al
x 16. 0 amu = 48. 0 amu
3 mol O 1 Mol O

3 mol H x 1. 0 amu = 3.0 amu

1 Mol H
Formula mass of Al(OH)3 = 78 amu
Example

Calculate the molecular mass of the noncaloric sweetener saccharin

(C7H5NO3S)
Solution
Use the same procedure to determine the molecular mass of saccharin

No. of atoms in formula Atomic mass Total mass for each element
12.0 amu 84 amu
7 atoms C x 1 atom C =

1.0 amu
5 atoms H x 1 atom H = 5 amu

1 atoms N

3 atoms 0
x

x
14.0 amu
1 atom N
16.0 amu
1 atom O
=

=
14 amu

48 amu
+ = 183.1 amu

1 atoms S x 32.0 amu

= 32.1 amu
1 atom S
 Show your solution using the same procedure to
determine formula mass:

Practice ● Calculate the formula mass of ascorbic acid

Exercises
C6H8O6

● Baking soda or sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3

is added to batters for leavening for cakes
and muffins. What is the formula mass of
baking soda?
Practice exercises

Calculate the formula mass of ascorbic acid C6H8O6

Solution
Use the same procedure to determine the formula mass of ascorbic acid

No. of atoms in formula Atomic mass Total mass for each element

6 atoms C x 12.0 amu = 72 amu

1 atom C

+
8 atoms H x 1.0 amu
1 atom H
= 8 amu = 176 amu
6 atoms O x 16.0 amu = 96 amu
1 atom N
Practice exercises

Baking soda or sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3 is added to batters for leavening

for cakes and muffins. What is the formula mass of baking soda?

No. of atoms in formula Atomic mass Total mass for each element

1 atoms Na x 23 amu = 23 amu

1 atom Na

1 atoms H 1 amu

+
x = 1 amu
1 atom H
= 84 amu
1 atoms C x 12 amu 12 amu
1 atom C =

16 amu
3 atoms O x = 48 amu
1 atom O
 Conversion of
Mole, Molar Mass
and Number of
Molecules
Convert Moles to Grams
Mole is the standard unit of amount measurement. Substances
react in simple ratios of moles. But, when you have to compare
the amount of one substance to another by moles, you must
convert into grams since balances do not provide readings in
moles.
You have three steps to convert mole values to grams.

1. Calculate how many moles are mentioned in the question.

2. Find the molar mass of the substance.
3. Multiply both the values.
One mole consists of Avogadro number of atoms. If you know
the quantity of mole, it can be converted into grams and vice
versa.
 Formula for converting Moles to
Grams:
Example 1 –Calculate the mass in grams of 3.6 mol of H2SO4
Solution
.
Look for the atomic masses of hydrogen, sulfur and oxygen and its molecular mass
H = 1.008 x 2 = 2.016
S = 32.06 x 1 = 32.06 = 98.076 g/mol
O = 16 x 4 = 64
+
Hence, one mole of H2SO4 weights 98.076 grams per mole. Since you need to find for 3.60 mol of
H2SO4
= 3.60 mole of H2SO4 x 98.076 g of H2SO4
= 353.0736 g of H2SO4
1 mole of H2SO4
MOLE CONVERSION

How many moles are there in 10 grams O2?

From grams
10 g 1 mol 10
x = = 0.3125 to moles
1 16 (2) g 32 mole divide

Atomic subscript
weight or
molar mass
MOLE CONVERSION

How many grams are there in 10 moles of O2?

From moles to
10 mol 32 g 320 g
x = = 320 g O2 grams
1 mol 1 multiply
1
Practice
Convert 3 moles of carbon monoxide to grams. Carbon monoxide (CO)

Solution
Find the molecular weight of Carbon monoxide.

By calculating, we get the molecular weight of

CO = 28.01 g/mol

Since we need to find for 3 moles of Carbon

monoxide

= 3 x 28.01 = 84.03 grams

Number of Molecules
 Number of
Molecules
The molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of
the atomic weights of its component atoms. If a
substance has molecular weight M, then M grams of
the substance is termed one mole. The number of
molecules in one mole is the same for all
substances; this number is known as Avogadro's
number (6.022140857 × 1023).
 Conversion of Number
of Molecules

To calculate the required number of molecules, firstly

calculate the molecular weight of the substance for one
mole followed by dividing the molar mass value to the
molecular mass and then multiplying it by the Avogadro
constant.
Practice

How many molecules of CO2 are contained in 8.80g of CO2?

 Operationally, the number of moles is determine as
follows

Mass (in g)
Moles = Formula or molecular mass
Example:
If you have consumed 500 g of sugar (C12H22O11) in one week, how many molecules of sugar
have you consumed?

Given
1 mole H2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules=342 g
Calculate formula mass: 6.02 x 1023 molecules
No. of molecules = 500 g
C= 12 X 12 = 144 342 g
H= 22 x 1 = 22 + =342 g
0= 11 x 16 = 16
= 8.80 x 1023 molecules
Percent
Composition
Percent Composition

The percentage composition of a

given compound is defined as the ratio
of the amount of each element to the
total amount of individual elements
present in the compound multiplied by
100.
Calculation of Percent
Composition
Total mass of component element
% Composition = x 100
Molar mass

The molecular mass, molar mass and percentage

composition by mass can be calculated from the formula
of a compound. The formula can be obtained after
experimentally determining the:

a. Elements that comprise the compound

b. Proportions by mass of the elements in the
compound
c. Relative molecular mass of the compound
How do you find percent of composition?

Percent Composition
1. Find the molar mass of all the elements in the compound
in grams per mole.
2. Find the molecular mass of the entire compound.
3. Divide the component's molar mass by the entire
molecular mass.
4. You will now have a number between 0 and 1. Multiply it
by 100% to get percent composition.
 Sample exercises: How to get the percent composition?

H2 O MWH = 1 g/mol MWH20 = ?

18
g/mol
MWH20 = 2(1) + 1 (16)
MWO = 16 g/mol
MWH20 = 18 g/mol
(1)((2)
%H = x 100 = 11.11 %
18
(16)((1)
x 100 = 88.89 %
%O =
18
 Sample exercises: How to get the percent composition?

M Fe2 (SO4)3 = 400 g/mol %Fe = 112

x 100 = 28%

W 2 Fe = 2 x 56 = 112 400

+
96
%S = = 24%
S = 3x 32 = 96 x 100
400
0 = (4)(3) x 16 = 192
192 x 100 = 48%
12 400 g/mol %0 =
400

PRACTICE EXERCISE: Calculate a percent composition (10 points)

In an experiment, 3.45 g of sodium (Na) reacted with 5.33 of chlorine (Cl) to give 8.78 g
of NaCl (Sodium chloride). Calculate the percent composition by mass NaCl
 Answer

PRACTICE EXERCISE: Calculate a percent composition (10 points)

1.) In an experiment, 3.45 g of sodium (Na) reacted with 5.33 of chlorine (Cl) to give 8.78
g of NaCl (Sodium chloride). Calculate the percent composition by mass NaCl

Solution %Na = mass Na x 100 = 3.45 g

x 100 = 39.29 %
mass NaCl 8.78 g
%Cl = mass Cl x 100 = 5.33 g x 100 = 60.71 %
mass NaCl
8.78 g
 Calculating
Empirical and
Molecular
Formula
Empirical Formula

An Empirical formula is the chemical formula of a compound that

gives the proportions (ratios) of the elements present in the
compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms.

It is the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound and also the simplest

formula.

This would be the lowest whole number ratio of the elements in the
compound.
 How to Determine Empirical Formula
1. Find the mass in grams of each element

2. Calculate the number of moles each atom

3. Divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest number of moles to
convert the smallest number to 1. These whole numbers are the subscript in the
empirical formula. If one or more numbers are not integers, proceed to step 4

4. Multiply the number obtained in step 3 by the smallest integer that will convert
all of them to whole numbers. These numbers represent subscript
 Sample exercise Given percentage

Scientist found that a compound contained 22.8 % sodium; 21.8% Boron and 55.4% Oxygen.
Use the empirical formula of compound. Relative atomic masses (Ar): B= 11 O= 16 and Na= 23
Relative atomic mass
Elements Na B O
Percentage 22.8 % 21.8 % 55.4 %
Divide their percentage to
its relative atomic mass 22.8 % = 0.99 21.8 % 55.4 % = 3.46
= 1.98
23 11 16
Divide by smallest 0.99 3.46
=1 1.98
number =2 = 3.5
0.99 0.99 0.99
Find a number to multiply
to all to make a whole =1 x2 =2 x2 = 3.5 x 2
number =2 =4 =7

Empirical formula
Na2 B4 O7
 Sample exercise

Calculate the empirical formula magnesium chloride if 0.96 of magnesium

reacts with 2.84 g of chloride

Elements Mass (g) Atomic Mole Mole ratio Empirical

mass(g)(Mr) formula
Mg 0.96 24 0.04 1
MgCl2
Cl 2.84 35.5 0.08 2

Mass of Mg 0.96
Mole of Mg= = = 0.04 =
= 1
Mr of Mg 24 0.04 1

Mass of Cl 2.84 0.08

Mole of Cl= = =
Mr of Cl 35.5 0.04 =
= 2
Molecular
Formula
 Molecular formula is a whole number multiple of its empirical
formula. The empirical formula of a compound may or may not
be the same as its molecular formula. Below are some examples
that illustrate this relationship

Name of compounds Empirical formula Multiple Molecular formula

Hydrazine NH2 2 N 2H4

Propene CH2 3 C 3H6

Glucose CH2O 6 C6H12O6

To obtain the molecular formula, the empirical may be determined
first based on the percent composition of the compound. Then find
the formula mass of the given substance. It is important to realize
that the molecular formula is always an integer multiple of the
empirical formula
Example:
The sugar glucose has the empirical formula of CH2O and the molecular formula
C6H12O6 . In this case, these are six empirical units in each glucose molecule

(CH2O)6 = C6H12O6
We can present the molecular formula in terms of empirical formula as follows

(Empirical formula) n = molecular formula

Sample exercises
Caffeine found in tea and coffee is a white solid that contains 49.5%
carbon, 5.20% hydrogen, 28.8% nitrogen and 16.5% oxygen by mass.
Its molecular mass is 194.1 g/mole. Find the molecular formula of
caffeine
Solution
Determine the empirical formula
Element Mass (g) Atomic mass (g) Mole ratio
C 49.5 12 4.125 4
H 5.20 1 5.20 5
N 28.8 14 2.06 2
0 16.5 16 1.03 1

The empirical formula of caffeine is C4H5N2O

 Sample exercises Solution
Caffeine found in tea and coffee is a white To get the molecular, solve for the multiple
solid that contains 49.5% carbon, 5.20% factor X
hydrogen, 28.8% nitrogen and 16.5% oxygen
by mass. Its molecular mass is 194.1 g/mole. Molecular/ molar mass of C4H5N2O = 194.1 g
Find the molecular formula of caffeine
Formula mass of C4H5N2O
16 g
O = 1 moles O x = 16 g 12 g
1 mole O C = 4 moles C x = 48 g
1 mole C
Formula mass of C4H5N2O = 48 + 5 + 28 + 16 = 97 G
1g
Molecular mass 194.1 g/mole H = 5 moles H x =5g
X = Formula mass X = 1 mole H
97 g/mole
14 g
X=2 Molecular formula is (C4H5N2O)2 N = 2 moles N x = 28 g
1 mole N
= C8H10N4O2
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

C6 M14 C3 M7
2 2

C6 H12O6 CH2O
6 6 6

CO2 CO2
C6H6O4 C3H3O2
2 2 2
SUMMARY
 Formula mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic
masses of the elements present in ionic compounds while.
Molecular mass refers to a total mass of the element
present in one molecule

 Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio in which atoms

combine on the other hand, Molecular formula shows the
number and kind of atoms present in on molecule. Both
chemical formulas are useful in understanding compounds

 A mole describes the amount of substance in terms of the

number of units (atoms, ions, molecules or formula units)
of the substance
 A mole of a substance is the amount contains the same
number of elementary units as there as 126C atoms in
12.000 00 g of 126C. The number is 6.02 x 1023 also called
Avogadro’s number
Total mass of component element
 % Composition = x 100
Molar mass

 When n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of

the compound
Group 6 Presentation