CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

Variable
 is any factor or property that researcher measures,
controls, and/or manipulates
 it is also a logical set of attributes, characteristics,
numbers, or quantities that can be measured or
counted
Classifications of Variables
1. Numeric variables
2. Categorical variables
3. Experimental variables
4. Non-experimental variables
5. Variables according to the number being studied
NumericVariables
 with values that describe a measurable numerical quantity and
answer the questions “how many” or “how much”
a. Continuous variables- can take an infinitely uncountable
number of possible values (time, age, temperature, height,
and weight)
b. Discrete variables- can take on a finite or countably distinct
values(number of registered cars, number of business
locations, number of children in the family, population of
students, and total number of faculty members)
Let’s check if its DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
1. Score of student in a quiz.
2. how long the students ate their breakfast
3. time to finish running a 100-meter dash.
4. amount of paint utilized in a building project.
5. The number of deaths per year attributed to lung cancer.
6. the speed of the car.
7. the number of dropout in a school district in a number of 10
years.
8. The number of voters favoring a candidate.
9. The time needed to finish the test.
10. A number of eggs a hen lays.
 Categorical Variables
 with values that describe a quality or characteristic of a data unit like “what type” or “which
category”
a) Ordinal variables - these variables can take a value which can be logically ordered or
ranked.
e.g.,(A,B,C; X,L,M,S; strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree)

b) Nominal variables - these are variables whose values cannot be organized in a logical
sequence.
e.g.,(business types, eye colors, kinds of religions, various languages, and types of learners)

c) Dichotomous variables- these variables represent only two categories.

e.g., (sex, answer, veracity)

d) Polychotomous variables- these are variables that have many categories.

Variable
 Manipulate conditions or inputs to observe the
outcomes.

 Observations are done under controlled conditions.

Experimental Variables
a. Independent variables (manipulated or explanatory
variable)
- Factors or condition that you manipulate in an
experiment.
b. Dependent variables (response or predicted
variable)
- Factors or condition that you observe or measure in
an experiment.
Problem: “How does classical music affect plant growth”

I.V=cause=Classical music

D.V= effect= Plant growth

E.V=types of soil, amount of water, sunlight

Extraneous variables (mediating or intervening
variables)

- are all variables which are not the independent but

could affect the result of the experiment.
Experimental Variables
a. Title of a Research: An Experiment of the
Methods of Teaching and Language
Achievement Among Elementary Pupils.
IV: Method of Teaching
DV: Language Achievement
EV: Ventilation facilities, Physical Ambiance
Experimental Variables
b. Title of a Research: Use of Gardening Tools and
Types of Fertilizers: Their Effect of Amount of
Harvest
IV: Use of Gardening Tools and Types of Fertilizers:
DV: Amount of Harvest
EV: Humidity level, types of Seeds/plants
Non-experimental Variables
a. Predictor variables (changes the other
variable/s in a non-experimental study)
b. Criterion variables (usually influenced
by the predictor variables)
 example of NON-EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE

Research Title: COMPETENCIES OF TEACHERS AND STUDENT’S BEHAVIOR IN SELECTED PRIVATE SCHOOL

PREDICTOR VARIABLE: COMPETENCIES OF TEACHERS.

CRITERION VARIABLE: STUDENT’S BEHAVIOR

Research Title: THE TYPES OF FACILITIES, ADMINISTRATOR’S PROFILE, AND PARENT’S SUPPORT TOWARDS
SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AMONG PUBLIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PREDICTOR VARIABLE: TYPES OF FACILITIES, ADMINISTRATOR’S PROFILE, AND PARENTS’SUPPORT

CRITERION VARIABLE: SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS

Research title: CONDUCT OF GUIDANCE COUNSELING PROGRAMS AND DEGREE OF ABSENTEEISM AND
DROP-OUT RATE AMONG GRADE 8 CLASSES.

PREDICTOR VARIABLE: CONDUCT OF GUIDANCE COUNSELING PROGRAMS

CRITERION VARIABLE: DEGREE OF ABSENTEEISM AND DROP-OUT RATE
Variables according to the number
being studied
a. Univariate study (only one variable is being
studied)
b. Bivariate study (two variables are being
studied)
c. Polyvariate study (more than two variables are
being studied)
References:
• Mr. Junell S. Ngujo and Ms. Erika Zandra D.
Larot

• Practial Research 2 book

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