Climate Change

Submitted by

 Maham Iftikhar Alvi (2316-FE/BSECO/F14)

 Fizzah Khan (2318-FE/BSECO/F14)
 Rumsha Bashir ( -FE/BSECO/F14)
 Maisrah Aslam ( 2313-FE/BSECO/F14)
 News

 The 2015 United Nations Climate Change

Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held
in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12
December 2015.
 Introduction

This term refers to the general increase in the

earth’s average temperature caused by the
presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
which causes changes in climate patterns across
the globe.
Some of the news you may heard
 Polar bears are losing habitats.
 See level is rising.
 Temperature are going up.
 Hurricanes are getting bigger and stronger.
 Glaciers are melting fast up.
 Average temperatures around the world have risen by
0.75°C (1.4°F) over the last 100 years about two thirds
of this increase has occurred since 1975. In the past,
when the Earth experienced increases in temperature it
was the result of natural causes but today
.
it is being caused by the accumulation of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere produced by
human activities.
The natural greenhouse effect maintains the Earth's
temperature at a safe level making it possible for
humans and many other life forms to exist.However,
since the Industrial Revolution human activities have
significantly enhanced the greenhouse effect causing
the Earth's average temperature to rise by almost
1°C.
This is creating the global warming we see today.
To put this increase in perspective it is important
to understand that during the last ice age, a period
of massive climate change, the average
temperature change around the globe was only
about 5°C.
A long series of scientific research and international
studies has shown, with more than 90% certainty,
that this increase in overall temperatures is due to
the greenhouse gases produced by humans.
Activities such as deforestation and the burning of
fossil fuels are the main sources of these
emissions. These findings are recognized by the
national science academies of all the major
industrialized countries.
 Effect of global Warming

The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole,

and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is
already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8
degree Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar
regions. And the effects of rising temperatures aren’t
waiting for some far-flung future. They’re happening
right now. Signs are appearing all over, and some of
them are surprising. The heat is not only melting
glaciers and sea ice, it’s also shifting precipitation
patterns and setting animals on the move.
 Some impacts from increasing temperatures are
already happening
 Ice is melting
. worldwide, especially at the
Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers,
ice sheets covering West Antarctica and
Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.
 Sea level rise became faster over the last century.
 Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have
moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
 Rain and snowfall has increased across the globe,
on average.
Other effect could happened later century
 Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23
inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the
century,
 and continued melting at the poles could add
between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters).
Floods and droughts will become more common.
Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already
common, could decline by 10 percent over the
next 50 years.
 Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become
stronger.
 Depletion Of Ozone Layer
 Ozone layer depletion is one of the most serious
problems faced by our planet earth. It is also one
of the prime reasons which are leading to global
warming. Ozone is a colourless gas which is
found in the stratosphere of our upper atmosphere.
The layer of ozone gas is what which protects us
from the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.
The ozone layer absorbs these harmful radiations
and thus prevents these rays from entering the
earth’s atmosphere.
 Ultraviolet radiations are high energy
electromagnetic waves emitted by the sun which
if enters the earth’s atmosphere can lead to
various environmental issues including global
warming, and also a number of health related
issues for all living organisms. Thanks to the
ozone layer which protects us from these harmful
rays.
 From the 1970s the depletion of the ozone layer
started to capture the attention of the scientists,
environmentalists, and the world community at
large. There had been a lot of research on this
topic over these years to find out all the possible
causes that lead to this problem and the effects of
ozone depletion. There has been also a lot of
research to find out possible solutions to this
problem. Let us see some of the important causes
and effects of ozone layer depletion
 Causes Of Ozone Layer Depletion
 The main things that lead to destruction of the
ozone gas in the ozone layer. Low temperatures,
increase in the level of chlorine and bromine gases
in the upper stratosphere are some of the reasons
that leads to ozone layer depletion. But the one
and the most important reason for ozone layer
depletion is the production and emission of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This is what which
leads to almost 80 percent of the total ozone layer
depletion.
 Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion

 The depletion of ozone layer allows entering of

UV rays from sun into the earth’s atmosphere
which is associated with a number of health
related and environmental issues.
Health issues are
 Skin Cancer
 Eye Damage
 Damage to Immune System
Environment issues are
 Ozone layer depletion leads to decrease in ozone in the
stratosphere and increase in ozone present in the lower
atmosphere. Presence of ozone in the lower atmosphere
is considered as a pollutant and a greenhouse gas. Ozone
in the lower atmosphere contributes to global warming
and climate change. The depletion of ozone layer has
trickle down effects in the form of global warming,
which in turn leads to melting of polar ice, which will
lead to rising sea levels and climatic changes around the
world.
 Measures To Be Taken
 There are many possible wedges, including
improvements to energy efficiency and vehicle
fuel economy (so less energy has to be produced),
and increases in wind and solar power, hydrogen
produced from renewable sources, produced from
crops, natural gas, and nuclear power.  There is
also the potential to capture the carbon dioxide
emitted from fossil fuels and store it underground
a process called “carbon sequestration.”
 Conclusion of Conference

 They reaffirm There position that any agreement

that provides for binding commitments on
greenhouse gas emission reductions must include
all major emitters, be realistic and achievable,
and find the appropriate balance between
protecting our environment for future generations
and growing there economy.
 It is decided by the agreement of all nations that
the temperature of earth will not be allowed
increase more then 2 degree till 2050.
 References

 projectsmileindia.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/
global-warming-cause-effect-solutions/
 http://www.7continents5oceans.com/ozone-layer-
depletion-causes-effects-and-solutions
 www.google.com.pk/#q=The
%C2%A02015+United+Nations+Climate+Chang
e+conference+result