ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
Chapter 3
 Organic Chemistry

 It is the study of carbon- containing

compounds, regardless of its origin.
 All organic compounds contain Carbon,
except for the oxides of carbon and
carbonates.

2.1
 Organic Compounds
 Compounds that contain carbon.
 Chemical bases for life (e.g. enzymes,
hormones, lipids, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, proteins, etc.
 Elements involved: H, N, O, S, P, and
halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At)

2.1
THE CARBON
ATOM
 CARBON
It is the most important atom in biological
molecules

Carbon containing compounds owe their

diversity and stability to specific bonding
properties of the carbon atom.

2.1
 CARBON PROPERTIES
1. C atoms have the ability to link together
to form long chains, either branched,
unbranched, or rings.
2. They are relatively stable due to the
presence of 4 valence electrons which
can form 4 covalent bonds, forming a
complete octet.

2.1
 CARBON PROPERTIES
3. Even if the same number and kind of atoms
are present, different compounds can be
formed if the arrangement or attachment of
the C atoms are changed. (Isomerism)
4. Ability to form bonds with itself, allows a
large number of organic chemicals with
many diverse properties.

2.1
 CARBON PROPERTIES
5. Has the property of forming single, double
and triple bonds with itself and with other
atoms.

2.1
Hydrocarbons and
Hydrocarbon
Derivatives
 Hydrocarbons
 Simplest class of organic compounds
 Contains only C and H
 Major sources of hydrocarbons: crude oil,
petroleum, natural gas, gasoline,
kerosene, oil, waxes, and asphalt.
 They may be aliphatic or aromatic.

2.1
Saturated Hydrocarbons
 Hydrocarbons containing single covalent
bond
 Have the most number of H atoms
 Alkane series
 Molecular formula: CnH2n+2

2.1
Saturated Hydrocarbons

2.1
 Properties of Alkanes
 Alkanes are nonpolar compounds.
 At room temperature, low- molecular-
weight alkanes are gases, higher-
molecular-weight alkanes are liquids, and
very- high- molecular- weight alkanes are
waxy solids.

2.1
 Properties of Alkanes
 Alkanes are insoluble in water but soluble
in each other and in other nonpolar
organic solvents such as toluene.
 All liquid and solid alkanes are less dense
than water.

2.1
 Sources of Alkanes
 Natural gas- consists of 90- 95% methane
with lesser amounts of ethane and other
lower-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.
 Petroleum- a liquid mixture of thousands of
different hydrocarbons formed from the
decomposition of of marine plants and
animals.

2.1
Naming and Writing
Structures of Alkanes
 IUPAC Nomenclature (International
Pure and Applied Chemistry)

 formulated a systematic way of naming

organic compounds, especially those
hydrocarbons with many isomers.

2.1
Terminologies:

Substituent: shorter chains connected to

the primary chain to form (branches/)

Primary chain: parent hydrocarbon longest

chain of carbon atoms

2.1
Rules:

1. Finding the parent hydrocarbon

 Find and name the longest continuous
carbon chain. Use this name as the
parent name of the molecule.
 Suffix will always have “ane” at the end
e.g. 6 C atoms= hexane
10 C atoms= decane
 If there are 2 or more longest chains of
equal length, the one having the largest
number of substituents is chosen.
2.1
Rules:

2. Numbering the carbon chain

 Number the chain consecutively, starting
at the end nearest a substituent group.
 If both ends of the root chain have
equidistant substituents:
 Begin numbering at the end nearest a
third substituent (if one is present)
 Begin numbering at the end nearest
the first cited group (alphabetical
order)
2.1
Rules:

3. Assigning the prefix

Designate the location of each substituent
group by an appropriate number and
name.
e.g. 2- methyl C2 – CH3
3- ethyl C3 – CH2CH3
7- methyl C7 – CH3

2.1
Rules:

4. Assembling the full name

 Assemble the name, listing groups in
alphabetical order using the full name.
 Two or more substituents are cited in
alphabetical orders.
 Prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc., is used to
designate several groups of the same kind.
 Hyphens are used to separate various
prefixes and commas are used to separate
numbers.
2.1
 Octane

2,5-dimethyloctane
4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

5-ethyl- 2,4,6-
trimethyloctane
4-ethylheptane
3-ethyl-4-methylheptane
3-ethyl-2,2,5-trimethlyhexane
3,6-diethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)octane
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
Alkenes
 One of the single bonds is replaced by a
double covalent bond
 Molecular formula: CnH2n
 Names ending in -ene

2.1
 NAME NO. OF MOLECULAR CONDENSED
CARBON FORMULA STRUCTURAL
ATOMS 3 FORMULA
ethene 2 C2H4 CH2=CH2

propene 3 C3H6 CH2=CHCH3

1- butene 4 C4H8 CH2=CHCH2CH3

2- butene 4 C4H8 CH3CH=CHCH3

2- pentene 5 C5H10 CH3CH=CHCH2

CH3
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
Alkynes
 There is presence of atleast 1 triple
covalent bond in the carbon framework.
 Molecular formula: CnH2n-2
 Names ending in -yne

2.1
 NAME NO. OF MOLECULAR CONDENSED
CARBON FORMULA STRUCTURAL
ATOMS 3 FORMULA
ethyne 2 C2H2 CH=CH

propyne 3 C3H4 CH=CCH3

1- butyne 4 C4H6 CH=CCH2CH3

2- butyne 4 C4H6 CH3C=CCH3

2- pentyne 5 C5H8 CH3C=CCH2CH3

Naming and Writing
Structures of Alkenes
and Alkynes
 IUPAC NAMING SYSTEM
1. Find the longest carbon chain that includes the
double/ triple bond. Indicate the length of the
parent chain by using a prefix that tells the
number of carbon atoms in it.
2. Number the chain from the end that gives the
lower set of numbers to the carbon atoms of the
double or triple bond.
3. Branched alkenes and alkynes are named in a
manner similar to alkanes; substituent groups
are located and named.
2.1
 Dienes, Trienes, Polyenes

 Alkadienes- alkenes that contain two double

bonds.
 Alkatrienes- alkenes containing three double
bonds
 Polyenes- alkenes containing several double
bonds
 Alkenynes- an aliphatic compound which
contains both double bond and triple bond.

2.1
5,5-dimethyl-3-heptene or
5,5-dimethylhept-3-ene
4-nonene or non-4-ene
3,4-diethyl-2-hexene or
3,4-diethylhex-2-ene
6-ethyl-2-octyne or
6-ethyloct-2-yne
3-methyl-1-butyne 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne or
or 2,5-dimethylhex-3-yne
3-methylbut-3-yne
ALKENYNES

2-octen-5-yne
CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS: the ends of a
hydrocarbon chain are connected to form a ring
of covalently bonded carbon atoms.

2.1
 Naming Cyclic
Hydrocarbons
 Cycloalkanes: Number the carbon atoms
of the ring in the direction that gives the
substituent encountered first the lower
number. Add cyclo- as prefix and –ane as
suffix.
 Cycloalkenes: Number the carbon atoms
of the ring double bond 1 and 2 in the
direction that gives the substituent
encountered first the lower number. Add
cyclo- as prefix and –ane as suffix. 2.1
1,3-diethylcyclopentane
1-chloromethylcyclohexane

1-bromo-1-fluoro-1,2-
dimethylcyclopentane
1-chloro-4-iodocyclohexane

1-cyclopentyl-2-iodocyclohexane
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 6 carbon atoms joined by alternating
single and double covalent bonds, with
Hydrogen attached to each carbon.
 Presence of a benzene ring
 Benzene derivatives- compounds wherein
atoms/ groups other than Hydrogen are
attached to the ring.

2.1
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Aromatic hydrocarbons are so named
because many of the earliest known
aromatic compounds had strong
characteristic odors.
• The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon is
benzene. The six-membered ring and
of benzene comprise a single
functional group.
• When a benzene ring is bonded to
another group, it is called a phenyl
group. 2.1
 Examples of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

C6H6 C10H10
Benzene
Naphthalene
Examples of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

C14H10
Phenanthrene synthesis of
drugs, pesticides,
explosives, dyes
C14H10
Anthracene( used in the artificial production of red dye, wood preservatives,
insecticides and coating materials
 Examples of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
O

OH

CH3
Oxygen
C9H8O4
C7H8 Aspirin analgesic
Toluene paint (anti platelet) O CH2
solvent severe bleeding,
antipyretic
(Methylbenzene)