TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

PREPARED BY: JAYSON P. DAGCUTA

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method applied in making
decisions using experimental data. Hypothesis testing is basically
testing an assumption that we make about a population.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion, or assumption

about a population parameter or about the distribution of a
random variable.
  Statistical Hypothesis is a conjecture
STATISTICAL about a population parameter. This
conjecture may or may not be true.
HYPOTHESIS
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS TEST
 A process by which a decision is made between two
opposing hypotheses.

 The two opposing hypotheses are formulated so that each

hypothesis is the negation of the other.

 That way, one of them is always true, and the other one is
always false.
TWO TYPES OF STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis (H0)
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0)
 It states that there is no difference between population
parameters (such as mean, standard deviation, and so on) and
the hypothesized value.

 There is no observed effect.

 The null hypothesis is often an initial claim that is based on

previous analyses or specialized knowledge.
 It is a statement that there is nothing happening.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (HA)
 It states that the population parameter has some statistical
significance (smaller, greater, or different than) with the
hypothesized value.
 There is an observed effect.
 The alternative hypothesis is what you might believe to be true or
hope to prove true.
 It is a statement that something is happening.
THE THREE POSSIBLE STATEMENTS OF NULL AND
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

1. Greater than or equal to (≥) 1. Less than (<)
2. Less than or equal to (≤) 2. Greater than (>)
3. Equal to (=) 3. Not equal to (≠)
 TO STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESES CORRECTLY:
1. Identify the parameter in a given problem.
2. Identify the claim to be tested that may show up in null or alternative hypothesis.
3. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols/notations.
4. Formulate first the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜) then alternative hypothesis (𝐻𝑎) based on
the three different ways in writing hypothesis as illustrated below:

𝑯𝒐: µ = 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≤ 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≥ 𝒌

𝑯𝒂: µ ≠ 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ > 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ < 𝒌
 A parameter is any numerical quantity that
characterizes a given population or some of
PARAMATER its aspects. This means the parameter tells us
something about the whole population.
 NULL VS. ALTERNATIVE
1. A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a new medicine reduces cholesterol
by 25%.

2. We want to test whether the general average of students in Math is different from 80%

3. The school librarian wants to find out if there was an increase in the number of
students accessing the school library.
NULL VS. ALTERNATIVE
1. The enrolment in high school this school year increases by 10%

2. The intelligence quotient of male grade 11 students is the same as the female students.

3. The average weight of all Grade 11 students in Senior High School is 165 cm.
TYPE OF ERRORS
 Type A correct decision occurs when the null hypothesis is true and we decide in its
favor.
 Type B correct decision occurs when the null hypothesis is false and the decision is
in opposition to the null hypothesis.
 Type I error is committed when a true null hypothesis is rejected—that is, when the
null hypothesis is true but we decide against it.
 Type II error is committed when we decide in favor of a null hypothesis that is
actually false.
Four Possible Outcomes in a Hypothesis Test
DIRECTION OF TAILS OF HYPOTHESIS
TESTS
1. One-tailed test (Directional)
2. Two-tailed test (Nondirectional)
ONE-TAILED TEST (DIRECTIONAL)

It indicates that the H0 should be rejected when the test

value is in the critical region on one side of the mean. A
one -tailed test is either right or left, depending on the
direction of the inequality of the Ha.
TWO-TAILED TEST (NONDIRECTIONAL)

It indicates that the H0 should be rejected

when the test value is in either of the two
critical regions.
Directions: Determine if one-tailed test or two-tailed test fits the given
alternative hypothesis.
1. The mean height of Grade 12 students is less than 66 inches.
2. The standard deviation of their height is not equal to 5 inches.
3. Male Grade 7 and Grade 12 students differ in height on average.
4. The proportion of senior male students’ height is significantly higher than that of senior female
students.
5. The average grade of Grade 11 students in Statistics is lower than their average grade in Calculus.
6. The newly found vaccine reduces the risks of viral infections of the patience.
7. The enrolment in elementary schools is not the same as the enrolment in the secondary schools.
8. Male adolescents have higher intelligence quotient level than the female adolescents.
9. The average number of internet users this year is significantly higher as compared last year.
10. Paracetamol and Ibuprofen have the same rate of time to reduce the headache of the patients.
DETERMINE THE HYPOTHESES AND THE
HYPOTHESIS TEST
1. Prof. Aguantes wishes to test her new training program that she believes will
increases problem solving ability. A particular age group has scored on a test of
problem solving. She uses the new training program on a sample of 50 from this
age group.
 DETERMINE THE HYPOTHESES AND THE
HYPOTHESIS TEST

2. The average waiting time of all costumers in a restaurant before being

served is less than 35 minutes. Determine the hypotheses and the directional
test.
 DETERMINE THE HYPOTHESES AND THE
HYPOTHESIS TEST
3. Dr. Denzel has developed a test for measuring the vocabulary skills
of 7 years old. They score 80 on the average. She administers the test to
a sample of single children (only child).
 DETERMINE THE HYPOTHESES AND THE
HYPOTHESIS TEST
4. According to a study, there is an increase on average monthly expenses of
₱350.00 for cell phone loads of Senior High School students in the city. Is there a
reason to believe that the amount increased if sample of 60 students has an average
monthly expense of ₱380.00 and the population standard deviation is ₱83.00?
What is the tool to be used in computing the test value?
SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL (𝛼) WHICH DEFINES THE
SENSITIVITY OF THE TEST.
 Critical value is a point on the test distribution that
is compared to the test statistic to determine
whether to reject the null hypothesis. Critical values
CRITICAL VALUE for a test of hypothesis depend upon the test
statistic, which is specific to the type of the test.
CRITICAL OR REJECTION REGION

Critical or Rejection region. The range of values of the test

value that indicates that there is a significant difference and
that the H0 should be rejected. It is the set of all values which
would cause us to reject H0.
NONCRITICAL OR NONREJECTION REGION

Noncritical or Nonrejection region. The range of values of the test

value that indicates that the difference was probably due to chance
and that the H0 should not be rejected.
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