Lesson 1 Week 3

Mathematics In The Modern
World
Mathematical Language and Symbols
Characteristics of mathematical Language
• Mathematical language is a system used to communicate mathematical ideas

• It consists of some natural language using technical terms (mathematical
terms) and grammatical conventions, supplemented by a highly specialized
symbolic notation for mathematical formulas.
1. Math Language is Non-Temporal

 it has no past, present, and future tense unlike in English language.
 There is no conjugation of words and mathematics statements are presented simple as
“is”.
 Math language carries no emotional content.
2. It has no equivalent words for joy and sadness
 Your aesthetic experience like mathematicians about math is only a subjective
experience.
 Good values are learned thru mathematics but cannot be found in a mathematical
language
3. Math language is precise

 statements are precise and accurate.
 As you can observe math language is clearly stated and lacks uncertainty.
4. Math language is concise
 No needs for unnecessary words and briefly stated
5. Math language is powerful

 complex ideas are well expressed
Parts of speech in Mathematics
1. Numbers of Constant 2, 4, , 5, 10
2. Variables x, y, z
3. Relation Symbols =,,
4. Operation Symbols +, -,
5. Grouping Symbols ( ), { }, [ ]
Expressions vs. Sentence
Every language has its vocabulary (the words) and its rules for combining
these words into complete thoughts (the sentences). Mathematics is no
exception. In studying the mathematical language, we will make a very broad
classification between the ‘nouns’ of mathematics (used to name mathematical
objects of interest) and the ‘sentences’ of mathematics (which state complete
mathematical thoughts).
Mathematical Mathematical
Expression
Sentence
Incomplete Complete
thought thought
Example: Example:
3x + 5 3x + 5 = 14
Mathematical Expression
is the mathematical analogue of an English noun.
it is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols used to represent a
mathematical object of interest.
It does not state a complete thought.
It does not make sense to ask if an expression is true or false.
The most common expression types are numbers, sets, and functions.
Numbers have lots of different names:
 Example, the expressions 5, (2 + 3), (10 2), ((6 − 2) + 1), and 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +
1 all look different, but are all just different names for the same number
Mathematical Sentence
is the analogue of an English sentence.
it is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a complete thought.
Sentences have verbs.
In the mathematical sentence ‘3+4=7, 3+4=7’, the verb is ‘=’.
A sentence can be (always) true, (always) false, or sometimes true/sometimes false.
 Example:
1+2=3 TRUE
2+3=4 FALSE
x = 10 Sometimes true, Sometimes False (it is
true when x is 10, and false otherwise)
x+5=5+x Always True no matter what value of x
Conventions in Mathematical Language
Mathematical Convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally
agreed upon by mathematicians. PEMDAS (Parenthesis, Exponent,
Multiplication, Division, Addition and Subtraction) is an example. All
mathematical names and symbols are conventional.
Examples of conventions:
• The letters used for the sides of a triangle are usually 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐, where 𝑐 is
the hypotenuse. The capital letters 𝐴,𝐵, and 𝐶 are used for the angles.
• Functions are denoted by 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥), or ℎ(𝑥).
• The Greek letter ‘pi’, written π, is used to represent the number 3.14159....
• The Greek capital letter ‘sigma’ or Σ is frequently used to represent the
addition of several numbers.
Common Mathematical Symbols
Symbols save time and space when writing. These are three groups of the most
commonly used math symbols that you need to learn in order to solve math
questions.
Examples of Mathematical symbols:
• Basic Math Symbols +, −, ×, ÷, =, ≠, ≥

• Set Theory Symbols ∈, ∪, ∩, ⊂, ⊆, ∉
• Logic symbols ¬, →, ^, ↔
Sets, Function, Relations, and Binary
Sets
 Any group or collection of objects
 The objects that belong in a set are the elements (∈), or members of the
set.
 is a well-defined collection of objects if it is possible to determine
whether any given item is an element of the set
Note: Uppercase letters will be used to name a set
Lowercase letters is to name any elements of a set
Examples of Sets:
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 The statement “6 is an element of the set of natural numbers” can be written

using mathematical notation as 6 ∈ ℕ.
 The symbol ∈ is read “is an element of”.
 To state that “−3 is not an element of the set of natural numbers,” we use ∉
as the symbol for “is not an element of ”, and write -3 ∉ ℕ.
Two ways to describe a set:

1. Listing Method – all or partial members of the set are listed.
2. Set-Builder Method – the set is described by listing the properties that
describe the elements of the set.
Examples
SET LISTING METHOD SET-BUILDER METHOD
Let A be the set of natural numbers A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℕ,𝑥 5}
less than or equal to 5
Let 𝑩 be the set of even integers 𝐵 = {6,8,10} 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 = 2𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, 4 < 𝑥 < 12}
between 4 and 12.
Sets
Empty Set or Null set - is the set that contains no elements. The symbol ∅ or {} is
used to represent the empty set.
Example: set of natural numbers that are negative integers.
Finite Set - if the number of elements in the set is a whole number. The cardinal
number of a finite set is the number of elements in the set. The cardinal number of a
finite set A is denoted by 𝑛(𝐴).
Example: if 𝐴 = {1,4,6,9}, then 𝑛(𝐴) = 4.
Equal Sets - Set A is equal to set B, denoted by 𝐴 = 𝐵, if and only if A and B have
exactly the same elements.
Example: {𝑑,𝑒,𝑓} = {𝑒,𝑓,𝑑}.
Equivalent Sets - Set A is equivalent to set B, denoted by A B, if and only if A and B
have the same number of elements.
Example: {a, b, c} {d, e, f}
Set Operations
Universal Set - is the set of all elements that are under consideration.
This is usually denoted by 𝑈.
Complement of a Set – set A, denoted by 𝐴’, is the set of all elements of
the universal set 𝑈 that are not elements of 𝐴.
Example: Let 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}. Find the complements of 𝑆 and 𝑇

if: 𝑆 = {𝑥 |𝑥 < 10 and 𝑥 ∈ odd counting numbers}, and 𝑇 = {2,4,6,7}.
SOLUTION: S = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} T = { 2,4,6,7}
ANSWER: S’ = {2,4,6,8,10} ANSWER: T’ = { 1,3,5,8,9,10}
Set Operations
Set A is a subset of set B, denoted by 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵, if and only if every element of A is also an
element of B.
Subset Relationships: A ⊆A, for any set A
∅ ⊆ A, for any set A
The notation 𝐴 𝐵 is used to denote that A is not a subset of B. To show that A is not a
subset of B, it is necessary to find at least one element of A that is not an element of B.
Example:
a. {5,10,15,20} {10,15,20,25,30}
b. {2, 4, 6}
Solution:
c. 5 is not an element of the bigger set.
d. Every set is a subset of itself
Set Operations
Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted by 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵, if every element of A is an element
of B, and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵.
In the previous example, {2,4,6} is a subset of {2,4,6} but is not a proper subset because
proper subsets do not include the set itself.
Union of sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set that contains all the elements that
belong to A or to B or to both. In symbols, 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = {𝒙|𝒙 ∈𝑨 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 ∈𝑩 }.
EXAMPLE: Let 𝐴 = {1,4,5,7},𝐵 = {2,3,4,5,6}, and 𝐶 = {3,6,9}.

Find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶.
SOLUTION: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = { 1, 4, 5, 7} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 4, 5, 7} ∪ {3, 6, 9} = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
Set Operations
Intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set of elements common to both
A and B. In symbols, 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = {𝒙/𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒙 ∈ 𝑩}.
Example: Let 𝐴 = {1,4,5,7},𝐵 _ = {2,3,4,5,6}, and 𝐶 = {3,6,9}. Find A ∩ B and A ∩ C.

Solution: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1,4,5,7} ∩ {2,3,4,5,6} = {4,5}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = ∅ or { }, 𝐴 and 𝐶 have no common element, then they are called disjoint sets.
Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is the empty set. The sets A and C in the
previous example are disjoint.
Relation – any set of an ordered pairs (inputs and
outputs).
- enclosed with braces {}
Ordered Pairs – consists of an x and y-coordinate (x, y).
{(1,2), (2,4), (3,6),…}
Domain – set of all the first values (inputs)

- usually represented as x
{1, 2, 3}
Range – set of all the second values (outputs)
- usually represented as y
{2, 4, 6}
Function – a relation where there is only one

output for each input.
- for every x there is exactly one y
Remember:
Every function is a relation, but not all
relations are functions.
Example 1:
What makes this a function?
{(0, 5), (1, 4), ( 2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)}
For every There’s only one

INPUT, OUTPUT
Binary Operations
The word "binary" means composed of two pieces. A binary operation is simply a rule
for combining two values to create a new value. The most widely known binary operations
are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on various sets of numbers. Thus, the
binary operation can be defined as an operation * which is performed on a set A. (Note: *
is any operation.)
Properties of Binary Operation

Closure property: An operation * on a non-empty set A has closure property, if
a ∈ A, b ∈ A if a * b ∈ A.
LOGIC
 Is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect
reasoning.
 Using the methods and techniques of logic—one can distinguish reliably between
sound and faulty reasoning.
 Every language contains different types of sentences, such as statements, questions,
and commands.
Example: “Is the test today?” is a question.

“Go get the newspaper” is a command.
“This is a nice car” is an opinion.
“Denver is the capital of Colorado” is a statement of fact.
A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both true and
false.
LOGIC
Statement
 is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both true
and false.
 You may not know if the sentence is true, but you do know that the
sentence is either true or it is false, and that it is not both true and
false. Thus, you know that the sentence is a statement.
Simple Statement
 Is a statement that conveys a single idea
Compound Statement
 Is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.
LOGIC
EXAMPLE:
a. 99 + 2 is a prime number.
b. 𝑥 + 1 = 5.
Solution:
a. You may not know whether 99 + 2 is a prime number; however, you do know that it
is a whole number larger than 1, so it is either a prime number or it is not a prime
number. The sentence is either true or it is false, and it is not both true and false, so
it is a statement.
b. 𝑥 + 1 = 5 is a statement. It is known as an open statement. It is true for x = 4, and it
is false for any other values of x. For any given value of x, it is true or false but not
both.
LOGIC
LOGIC
TRUTH TABLE
Conditional Statement, Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive
p q ∽𝒑 ∽𝒒 𝒒→𝒑
𝒑 →𝒒 ∽𝒑 →∽ 𝒒 ∽𝒒 → ∽𝒑
T T F F T T T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T
LOGIC
Example 1: (Negation) Write the negation of each statement.
a. Bill Gates has a yacht.
b. Avatar was not selected as best picture at the 82nd Academy
Awards ceremony.
Solution
c. Bill Gates does not have a yacht.
d. Avatar was selected as best picture at the 82nd Academy Awards
ceremony.
LOGIC
Example 2: (Conjunction) Determine whether each statement is

true or false.
a. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.
b. 2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number.
Solution:
c. This is a false statement because 5 is not an even number.
d. This is a true statement because each simple statement is true.
LOGIC
Example 3: (Conditional) Identify the antecedent and consequent in
the following statements.
a. If our school was this nice, I would go there more than once a
week.
b. If you don’t stop and look around once in a while, you could miss
it.
Solution
a. Antecedent: our school was this nice
Consequent: I would go there more than once a week
b. Antecedent: you don’t stop and look around once in a while
Consequent: you could miss it
LOGIC
Example 4: (Conditional) Determine the truth value of each of the
following.
a. If 2 is an integer, then 2 is a rational number.
b. If 3 is a negative number, then 5 > 7.
c. If 5 > 3, then 2 + 7 = 4.
Solution:
d. Because the consequent is true, this is a true statement.
e. Because the antecedent is false, this is a true statement.
f. Because the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, this
is a false statement.
LOGIC
Example 5: (Biconditional) State whether each biconditional is true or
false.
a. 𝑥 + 4 = 7 if and only if 𝑥 = 3.
b. 𝑥 = 36 if and only if 𝑥 = 6.
Solution:
c. Both equations are true when 𝑥 = 3, and both are false when 𝑥 ≠ 3.
Both equations have the same truth value for any value of x, so this
is a true statement.
d. If 𝑥 = −6, the first equation is true and the second equation is false.
Thus, this is a false statement.
LOGIC
Example 6: (Translating Compound Statements)
Let p, q, and r represent the following simple statements:
p: You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r: You will receive a bonus.
a. Write (p ∧ q) → r as an English sentence.
Solution:
a. Because the p and the q statements both appear in parentheses in the
symbolic form, they are placed to the left of the comma in the English
sentence. Thus, the translation is: “If you get a promotion and complete the
training, then you will receive a bonus.”
LOGIC
Statements Related to the Conditional Statement
The converse of p → q is q → p.
The inverse of p → q is ∼p → ∼q.
The contrapositive of p → q is ∼q →∼p.
Example : Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the
statement “If I get the job, then I will rent the apartment.”
Solution:
Converse: If I rent the apartment, then I get the job.
Inverse: If I do not get the job, then I will not rent the apartment.
Contrapositive: If I do not rent the apartment, then I did not get the job.
Prepared by: JOAN L. BEATRIZ, LPT

Lesson 1 Week 3

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Mathematics In The Modern

• Mathematical language is a system used to communicate mathematical ideas

1. Math Language is Non-Temporal

3. Math language is precise

5. Math language is powerful

Examples of Mathematical symbols:

• Basic Math Symbols +, −, ×, ÷, =, ≠, ≥

 The statement “6 is an element of the set of natural numbers” can be written

Two ways to describe a set:

Example: Let 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}. Find the complements of 𝑆 and 𝑇

EXAMPLE: Let 𝐴 = {1,4,5,7},𝐵 = {2,3,4,5,6}, and 𝐶 = {3,6,9}.

SOLUTION: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = { 1, 4, 5, 7} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

Example: Let 𝐴 = {1,4,5,7},𝐵 _ = {2,3,4,5,6}, and 𝐶 = {3,6,9}. Find A ∩ B and A ∩ C.

Domain – set of all the first values (inputs)

Function – a relation where there is only one

For every There’s only one

Properties of Binary Operation

Example: “Is the test today?” is a question.

Conditional Statement, Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive

Example 2: (Conjunction) Determine whether each statement is

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