Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing
MARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTH

Chapter 7. Section 7-1 and 7-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman EDITION1
Chapter 7
Hypothesis Testing
7-1 Overview
7-2 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing
7-3 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Large Samples
7-4 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Small Samples
7-5 Testing a Claim about a Proportion
7-6 Testing a Claim about a Standard
Deviation
Chapter 7. Section 7-1 and 7-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman 2
7-1 Overview
Definition
Hypothesis
in statistics, is a claim or statement
about a property of a population
Rare Event Rule for Inferential
Statistics
If, under a given assumption, the
probability of a particular observed event
is exceptionally small, we conclude that
the assumption is probably not correct.
Section 7-2 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing

Chapter 7. Section 7-1 and 7-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley LongmanEDITION5
7-2
Fundamentals of
Hypothesis Testing
Figure 7-1 Central Limit Theorem
The Expected Distribution of Sample Means
Assuming that  = 98.6
Likely sample means
µx = 98.6
The Expected Distribution of Sample Means
Assuming that  = 98.6
Likely sample means
µx = 98.6
z = - 1.96 z= 1.96
or or
x = 98.48 x = 98.72
The Expected Distribution of Sample Means Assuming that  =
98.6
Sample data: z = - 6.64 Likely sample means

or
x = 98.20
µx = 98.6
z = - 1.96 z= 1.96
or or
x = 98.48 x = 98.72
Components of a
Formal Hypothesis
Test
Null Hypothesis: H0
 Statement about value of population
parameter
 Must contain condition of equality
 =, , or 
 Test the Null Hypothesis directly
 Reject H0 or fail to reject H0
Alternative Hypothesis: H1
 Must be true if H0 is false
 , <, >
 ‘opposite’ of Null
Note about Forming Your Own Claims
(Hypotheses)
If you are conducting a study and want

to use a hypothesis test to support your
claim, the claim must be worded so that
it becomes the alternative hypothesis.
Note about Testing the Validity of
Someone Else’s Claim
Someone else’s claim may become the

null hypothesis (because it contains
equality), and it sometimes becomes the
alternative hypothesis (because it does
not contain equality).
Test Statistic
a value computed from the sample data that is
used in making the decision about the
rejection of the null hypothesis
Test Statistic
a value computed from the sample data that is used in making
the decision about the rejection of the null hypothesis
For large samples, testing claims about population means
z= x - µx

n
Critical Region
Set of all values of the test statistic that
would cause a rejection of the
null hypothesis
Critical Region
null hypothesis
Critical
Region
Critical Region
null hypothesis
Critical
Region
Critical Region
null hypothesis
Critical
Regions
Significance Level
 denoted by 
 the probability that the test
statistic will fall in the critical
region when the null hypothesis
is actually true.
 common choices are 0.05, 0.01,
and 0.10
Critical Value
Value or values that separate the critical region
(where we reject the null hypothesis) from the
values of the test statistics that do not lead
to a rejection of the null hypothesis
Critical Value
Critical Value
( z score )
Critical Value
Reject H0 Fail to reject H0
Critical Value
( z score )
Two-tailed,Right-tailed,
Left-tailed Tests
The tails in a distribution are the

extreme regions bounded
by critical values.
Two-tailed Test
H0: µ = 100
H1: µ  100
Two-tailed Test
H0: µ = 100
 is divided equally between
H1: µ  100 the two tails of the critical
region
Two-tailed Test
H0: µ = 100
region
Means less than or greater than
Two-tailed Test
H0: µ = 100
region
Means less than or greater than
Reject H0 Fail to reject H0 Reject H0
100
Values that differ significantly from 100

Right-tailed Test
H0: µ  100
H1: µ > 100
Right-tailed Test
H0: µ  100
H1: µ > 100
Points Right
Right-tailed Test
H0: µ  100
H1: µ > 100
Points Right
Fail to reject H0 Reject H0
Values that
differ significantly
100
from 100
Left-tailed Test
H0: µ  100
H1: µ < 100
Left-tailed Test
H0: µ  100
H1: µ < 100

Points Left
Left-tailed Test
H0: µ  100
H1: µ < 100

Points Left
Reject H0 Fail to reject H0
Values that
differ significantly 100
from 100
Conclusions
in Hypothesis Testing
always test the null hypothesis
1. Reject the H0
2. Fail to reject the H0
need to formulate correct wording of final

conclusion
See Figure 7-4
FIGURE 7-4 Wording of Final Conclusion
Start
Does the “There is sufficient (This is the

Yes Do Yes
original claim contain you reject evidence to warrant only case in
the condition of (Original claim H0?. (Reject H0) rejection of the claim which the
equality that. . . (original claim).” original claim
contains equality
No is rejected).
and becomes H0)
(Fail to
“There is not sufficient
No reject H0)
evidence to warrant
(Original claim rejection of the claim
does not contain that. . . (original claim).”
equality and
becomes H1)
(This is the
Do “The sample data only case in
you reject
Yes
supports the claim that which the
H0? (Reject H0) . . . (original claim).” original claim
No is supported).
(Fail to
reject H0) “There is not sufficient
evidence to support
the claim
that. . . (original claim).”
Accept versus Fail to Reject
some texts use “accept the null
hypothesis
we are not proving the null hypothesis
sample evidence is not strong enough

to warrant rejection (such as not
enough evidence to convict a suspect)
Type I Error
The mistake of rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is true.
(alpha) is used to represent the probability

of a type I error
Example: Rejecting a claim that the mean body

temperature is 98.6 degrees when the mean
really does equal 98.6
Type II Error
the mistake of failing to reject the null
hypothesis when it is false.
ß (beta) is used to represent the probability of

a type II error
Example:Failing to reject the claim that the

mean body temperature is 98.6 degrees when
the mean is really different from 98.6
Table 7-2 Type I and Type II Errors
True State of Nature
The null The null
hypothesis is hypothesis is
true false
Type I error
We decide to Correct
(rejecting a true
reject the decision
null hypothesis)
null hypothesis

Decision
Type II error
We fail to Correct (rejecting a false
reject the decision null hypothesis)
null hypothesis

Controlling Type I and Type II Errors
For any fixed , an increase in the sample size n

will cause a decrease in 
For any fixed sample size n , a decrease in  will

cause an increase in . Conversely, an increase
in  will cause a decrease in  .
To decrease both  and , increase the sample

size.
Definition
Power of a Hypothesis Test
is the probability (1 - ) of rejecting a
false null hypothesis, which is computed
by using a particular significance level 
and a particular value of the mean that is
an alternative to the value assumed true
in the null hypothesis.
Section 7-3 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Large Samples

Three Methods Discussed
1) Traditional method
2) P-value method
3) Confidence intervals
Assumptions
for testing claims about population means
1) The sample is a simple random sample.
2) The sample is large (n > 30).
a) Central limit theorem applies
b) Can use normal distribution
3) If  is unknown, we can use sample

standard deviation s as estimate for .
Traditional (or Classical) Method of
Testing Hypotheses
Goal
Identify a sample result that is significantly
different from the claimed value
The traditional (or classical) method
of hypothesis testing converts the
relevant sample statistic into a test
statistic which we compare to the
critical value.
Test Statistic for Claims about µ
when n > 30
(Step 6)
x - µx
z= 
n
Traditional (or Classical) Method of Testing Hypotheses
Figure 7-5
1. Identify the specific claim or hypothesis to be tested, and put it in symbolic form.
2. Give the symbolic form that must be true when the original claim is false.
3. Of the two symbolic expressions obtained so far, let null hypothesis H 0 be the one that contains the
condition of equality. H1 is the other statement.
4. Select the significant level  based on the seriousness of a type I error. Make  small if the
consequences of rejecting a true H0 are severe. The values of 0.05 and 0.01 are very common.
5. Identify the statistic that is relevant to this test and its sampling distribution.
6. Determine the test statistic, the critical values, and the critical region. Draw a graph and include
the test statistic, critical value(s), and critical region.
7. Reject H0 if the test statistic is in the critical region. Fail to reject H 0 if the test statistic is not in the
critical region.
8. Restate this previous decision in simple nontechnical terms. (See Figure 7-4)
Traditional (or Classical) Method of Testing Hypotheses
Figure 7-5
1. Identify the specific claim or hypothesis to be tested, and put it in symbolic form.
2. Give the symbolic form that must be true when the original claim is false.
3. Of the two symbolic expressions obtained so far, let null hypothesis H 0 be the one that contains the
condition of equality. H1 is the other statement.
4. Select the significant level  based on the seriousness of a type I error. Make  small if the
consequences of rejecting a true H0 are severe. The values of 0.05 and 0.01 are very common.
5. Identify the statistic that is relevant to this test and its sampling distribution.
6. Determine the test statistic, the critical values, and the critical region. Draw a graph and include
the test statistic, critical value(s), and critical region.
7. Reject H0 if the test statistic is in the critical region. Fail to reject H 0 if the test statistic is not in the
critical region.
8. Restate this previous decision in simple nontechnical terms. (See Figure 7-4)
Decision Criterion (Step 7)
Reject the null hypothesis if the test

statistic is in the critical region
Fail to reject the null hypothesis if the test

statistic is not in the critical region
FIGURE 7-4 Wording of Final Conclusion
Start

Yes Do Yes
the condition of (Original claim H0?. (Reject H0) rejection of the claim which the
equality contains equality that. . . (original claim).” original claim
No is rejected).
and becomes H0)
(Fail to
No
evidence to warrant
(Original claim
rejection of the claim
does not contain
equality and
becomes H1)
(This is the
Do Yes “The sample data only case in
you reject supports the claim that which the
H0? (Reject H0)
. . . (original claim).” original claim
No is supported).
(Fail to
evidence to support
the claim
Example: Given a data set of 106 healthy body temperatures,
where the mean was 98.2o and s = 0.62o , at the 0.05 significance level,
test the claim that the mean body temperature of all healthy adults is
equal to 98.6o.
equal to 98.6o.
Steps:
1,2,3) Set up Claim, H0, H1
Claim:  = 98.6o
H0 :  = 98.6o
H1 :   98.6o
equal to 98.6o.
Steps:
1,2,3) Set up Claim, H0, H1
Claim:  = 98.6o
H0 :  = 98.6o
H1 :   98.6o
4) Select if necessary  level:
 = 0.05 was given
5 & 6) Identify the test statistic
z= x-µ = 98.2 - 98.6

= - 6.64
 n 0.62 106
6) Determine critical region(s) and critical
value(s)
 = 0.05
/2 = 0.025 (two tailed test)
0.4750 0.4750
0.025 0.025
z = - 1.96 1.96
Critical Values - Use Table A-2
6) Draw graph and include the test statistic, critical
value(s), and critical region
Sample data:
x = 98.2o
or Reject Reject
z = - 6.64 H0: µ = 98.6 Fail to H0: µ = 98.6
Reject
H0: µ =
98.6
z = - 1.96 µ = 98.6 z = 1.96

or z = 0
z = - 6.64 Figure 7-6
7) Reject H0: if TS is in critical region
Fail to reject H0: if TS is not in critical region
Sample data:
x = 98.2o
or Reject Reject
z = - 6.64 H0: µ = 98.6 Fail to H0: µ = 98.6
Reject
H0: µ =
98.6
z = - 1.96 µ = 98.6 z = 1.96

or z = 0
z = - 6.64 Figure 7-6
7) Reject H0: if TS is in critical region
Fail to reject H0: if TS is not in critical region
Sample data:
x = 98.2o
or Reject Reject
z = - 6.64 H0: µ = 98.6 Fail to H0: µ = 98.6
Reject
H0: µ =
98.6
z = - 1.96 µ = 98.6 z = 1.96

or z = 0
z = - 6.64 Figure 7-6

REJECT H0
8) Restate in simple nontechnical terms - Figure 7-4
Claim:  = 98.6o
REJECT H0 :  = 98.6o
H1 :   98.6o
Start

Yes Do
original claim contain Yes evidence to warrant
you reject only case in
the condition of (Original claim (Reject H0) rejection of the claim
H0? which the
equality? contains equality that. . . (original claim).” original claim
No
is rejected).
and becomes H0 ) (Fail to
reject H0 )
No evidence to warrant
equality and
becomes H1 ) (This is the
you reject
(Reject H0) support the claim that which the
H0?
No
(Fail to is supported ).
reject H0 ) “There is not sufficient
evidence to support
Figure 7-4 the claim

Start

Yes Do
H0? which the
equality? contains equality
and becomes H0 )
No that. . . (original claim ).” original claim
is rejected).
(Fail to
reject H0 )
equality and
you reject
H0?
No is supported).
(Fail to
evidence to support

Start

Yes Do
H0? which the
and becomes H0 ) No is rejected).
(Fail to “There is not sufficient
No reject H0 ) evidence to warrant
equality and
you reject
H0?
No
(Fail to is supported) .
evidence to support

Start
Does the “There is sufficient

Yes Do (This is the
the condition of (Original claim rejection of the claim
H0? (Reject H0 ) which the
and becomes H0 ) No
is rejected).
(Fail to “There is not sufficient
No reject H0 ) evidence to warrant
equality and
you reject which the
(Reject H0) support the claim that
H0?
No is supported).
(Fail to
evidence to support

Start
There is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of claim that
the mean body temperatures of healthy adults is equal to 98.6 o.

Yes Do Yes
the condition of (Original claim rejection of the claim
H0? (Reject H0 ) which the
No
and becomes H0) is rejected).
(Fail to
reject H0 )
equality and
you reject which the
(Reject H0) support the claim that
H0?
No is supported).
(Fail to
evidence to support

P-Value Method
of Testing Hypotheses
very similar to traditional method
key difference is the way in which we

decide to reject the null hypothesis
approach finds the probability (P-value)
of getting a result and rejects the null
hypothesis if that probability is very low
P-Value Method
of Testing Hypotheses
Definition
P-Value (or probability value)
the probability of getting a value of the

sample test statistic that is at least as
extreme as the one found from the sample
data, assuming that the null hypothesis is
true
P-value Interpretation
Small P-values Unusual sample results.
(such as 0.05 or Significant difference from the
lower) null hypothesis
Large P-values Sample results are not unusual.

(such as above Not a significant difference from
0.05) the null hypothesis
Figure 7-8 Finding P-Values
Start
Left-tailed What Right-tailed

type of test
?
Two-tailed
Is
Left the test statistic Right
to the right or left of
center
?
P-value = area P-value = twice P-value = twice P-value = area

to the left of the the area to the left the area to the right to the right of the
test statistic of the test statistic of the test statistic test statistic
P-value P-value is twice P-value is twice P-value

this area this area
µ µ µ µ
Test statistic Test statistic Test statistic Test statistic
Procedure is the same except for
steps 6 and 7
Step 6: Find the P-value (as shown in Figure 7-8)
Step 7: Report the P-value
Reject the null hypothesis if the P-value is
less than or equal to the significance level 
Fail to reject the null hypothesis if the P-value

is greater than the significance level 
Testing Claims with
Confidence Intervals
A confidence interval estimate of a

population parameter contains the likely
values of that parameter. We should
therefore reject a claim that the population
parameter has a value that is not included in
the confidence interval.
Testing Claims
with Confidence Intervals
Claim: mean body temperature = 98.6º,
where n = 106, x = 98.2º and s = 0.62º
 95% confidence interval of 106 body temperature

data (that is, 95% of samples would
contain true value µ )
 98.08º < µ < 98.32º
 98.6º is not in this interval
 Therefore it is very unlikely that µ = 98.6º
 Thus we reject claim µ = 98.6º
Underlying Rationale of
Hypotheses Testing
 If, under a given observed assumption, the
probability of getting the sample is exceptionally
small, we conclude that the assumption is
probably not correct.
 When testing a claim, we make an assumption
(null hypothesis) that contains equality. We then
compare the assumption and the sample results
and we form one of the following conclusions:
Underlying Rationale of
Hypotheses Testing
 If the sample results can easily occur when the
assumption (null hypothesis) is true, we attribute the
relatively small discrepancy between the assumption
and the sample results to chance.
 If the sample results cannot easily occur when that
assumption (null hypothesis) is true, we explain the
relatively large discrepancy between the assumption
and the sample by concluding that the assumption is
not true.
Section 7-4 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Small Samples

Assumptions
for testing claims about population means
1) The sample is a simple random sample.

2) The sample is small (n  30).
3) The value of the population standard deviation
 is unknown.
4) The sample values come from a population with a
distribution that is approximately normal.
Test Statistic
for a Student t-distribution
x -µx
t= s
n
Critical Values
 Found in Table A-3
 Degrees of freedom (df) = n -1
 Critical t values to the left of the mean are
negative
Important Properties of the
Student t Distribution
1. The Student t distribution is different for different sample sizes (see
Figure 6-5 in Section 6-3).
2. The Student t distribution has the same general bell shape as the normal
distribution; its wider shape reflects the greater variability that is expected
with small samples.
3. The Student t distribution has a mean of t = 0 (just as the standard normal
distribution has a mean of z = 0).
4. The standard deviation of the Student t distribution varies with the sample
size and is greater than 1 (unlike the standard normal distribution, which
has a = 1).
5. As the sample size n gets larger, the Student t distribution get closer to
the normal distribution. For values of n > 30, the differences are so small
that we can use the critical z values instead of developing a much larger
table of critical t values. (The values in the bottom row of Table A-3 are
equal to the corresponding critical z values from the normal distributions.)
Figure 7-11 Choosing between the Normal and Student
t-Distributions when Testing a Claim about a Population Mean µ
Start
Use normal distribution with

Is Yes x - µx
Z
n > 30 / n
?
No (If  is unknown use s instead.)
Is the
distribution of No
Use nonparametric methods,
the population essentially
normal ? (Use a which don’t require a normal
histogram.) distribution.
Yes Use normal distribution with

Is  x - µx
known Z
?
/ n
No (This case is rare.)
Use the Student t distribution
with x - µx
t s/ n
The larger Student t critical value
shows that with a small sample,
the sample evidence must be more
extreme before we consider the
difference is significant.
P-Value Method
Table A-3 includes only selected values of

Specific P-values usually cannot be found
Use Table to identify limits that contain the
P-value
Some calculators and computer programs
will find exact P-values
Section 7-5 Testing a Claim about a Proportion

Chapter 7. Section 7-1 and 7-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley LongmanEDITION
85
Assumptions
for testing claims about population proportions
1) The sample observations are a simple random
sample.
2) The conditions for a binomial experiment are
satisfied (Section 4-3)
Assumptions
for testing claims about population proportions
1) The sample observations are a simple random
sample.
2) The conditions for a binomial experiment are satisfied
(Section 4-3)
3) The condition np  5 and nq  5 are satisfied, so the

binomial distribution of sample proportions can be
approximated by a normal distribution with µ = np and
 = npq
Notation
n = number of trials
Notation
n = number of trials

p = x/n (sample proportion)
p = population proportion (used in the
null hypothesis)
q=1-p
Test Statistic for Testing a Claim
about a Proportion

p-p
z= pq
n
Traditional Method
Same as described
in Sections 7-2 and 7-3
and in Figure 7-5
P-Value Method
Same as described in Section 7-3
and Figure 7-8
Reject the null hypothesis if the

P-value is less than or equal to
the significance level .

p sometimes is given directly
“10% of the observed sports cars are red”
is expressed as

p = 0.10

p sometimes is given directly
“10% of the observed sports cars are red”
is expressed as

p = 0.10

p sometimes must be calculated
“96 surveyed households have cable TV
and 54 do not” is calculated using
 x 96
p =n =
(96+54)
= 0.64
(determining the sample proportion of households with cable TV)
CAUTION
CAUTION

 When the calculation of p results in a
decimal with many places, store the
number on your calculator and use all
the decimals when evaluating the z test
statistic.
CAUTION

 When the calculation of p results in a
decimal with many places, store the
number on your calculator and use all
the decimals when evaluating the z test
statistic.

 Large errors can result from rounding p
too much.
Test Statistic for Testing a Claim
about a Proportion

p-p
z= pq
n
x np 
x-µ x - np n n p-p
z =  = = npq
= pq
npq
n n
Section 7-6 Testing a Claim about a Standard Deviation or Variance

Chapter 7. Section 7-1 and 7-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley LongmanEDITION
99
Assumptions
for testing claims about a population
standard deviation or variance
1) The sample is a simple random

sample.
2) The population has values that are
normally distributed (a strict
requirement).
Chi-Square Distribution
Test Statistic
(n - 1) s 2
X2=
2
Test Statistic
(n - 1) s 2
X2=
2
n = sample size
s 2 = sample variance
2 = population variance
(given in null hypothesis)
Critical Values for
 Found in Table A-4

 Degrees of freedom = n -1
Properties of Chi-Square
Distribution
All values of X2 are nonnegative, and the

distribution is not symmetric.
There is a different distribution for each
number of degrees of freedom.
The critical values are found in Table A-4
using n-1 degrees of freedom.
Distribution
Properties of the Chi-Square
Distribution
Not symmetric
x2
All values are nonnegative
Figure 7-12
Distribution
Properties of the Chi-Square Chi-Square Distribution for 10
Distribution and 20 Degrees of Freedom
Not symmetric df = 10
df = 20
x2
All values are nonnegative 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 7-12 Figure 7-13
There is a different distribution for each

number of degrees of freedom.
Example: Aircraft altimeters have measuring errors with a standard
deviation of 43.7 ft. With new production equipment, 81 altimeters measure
errors with a standard deviation of 52.3 ft. Use the 0.05 significance level to
test the claim that the new altimeters have a standard deviation different from
the old value of 43.7 ft.
Claim:  43.7
H0: = 43.7
H1:  43.7
Claim:  43.7
H0: = 43.7
= 0.05 2= 0.025
H1:  43.7
0.025 0.025
Claim:  43.7
H0: = 43.7
= 0.05 2= 0.025
H1:  43.7
n = 81
0.025 0.025 df = 80
Table A-4
106.629
Claim:  43.7
H0: = 43.7
= 0.05 2= 0.025
H1:  43.7
0.975
n = 81
0.025 0.025 df = 80
Table A-4
57.153 106.629
(n -1)s2
x 2
=
 2
= (81 -1) (52.3)2
43.72
 114.586
(n -1)s2
x 2
=
 2
= (81 -1) (52.3)2
43.72
 114.586
Reject H0
57.153 106.629
x2 = 114.586
(n -1)s2
x 2
=
 2
= (81 -1) (52.3)2
43.72
 114.586
Reject H0
57.153 106.629
x2 = 114.586
The sample evidence supports the claim that the
standard deviation is different from 43.7 ft.
(n -1)s2
x 2
=
 2
= (81 -1) (52.3)2
43.72
 114.586
Reject H0
57.153 106.629
x2 = 114.586
The new production method appears to be worse than the old
method. The data supports that there is more variation in the
error readings than before.
P-Value Method
Table A-4 includes only selected values of

Specific P-values usually cannot be found
Use Table to identify limits that contain the
P-value
Some calculators and computer programs
will find exact P-values
Figure 7-15 Testing a Claim about a Mean, Proportion,
Standard Deviation, or Variance
Start
St. Dev 
Use the Chi-square or Proportion
Which Use the normal distribution
distribution with Variance 2
parameter P
ˆ
(n -1)s2 does the claim z= P-P where P ˆ= x/n
x2 = address pq
2 n
?
Mean (µ)
Use the normal distribution with

Is Yes x - µx
n > 30 z=
? n
(If  Is unknown use s instead.)
Figure 7-15 Testing a Claim about a Mean, Proportion,
Standard Deviation, or Variance

Is Yes x - µx
n > 30 z=
? n
(If  is unknown use s instead.)
No
Is the
distribution of Use nonparametric methods
No
the population essentially which don’t require a normal
normal ? (Use a distribution. See Chapter 13.
histogram.)
Yes
Is  Yes x - µx
z=
known n
?
(This case is rare.)
No
Use the Student t

distribution with
x - µx
t=
sn

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ELEMENTARY STATISTICS

Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing

MARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTH

MARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTH

Likely sample means

Likely sample means

Sample data: z = - 6.64 Likely sample means

 Reject H0 or fail to reject H0

If you are conducting a study and want

Someone else’s claim may become the

For large samples, testing claims about population means

Reject H0 Fail to reject H0

The tails in a distribution are the

Means less than or greater than

Means less than or greater than

Reject H0 Fail to reject H0 Reject H0

Values that differ significantly from 100

H1: µ > 100

H1: µ > 100

H1: µ > 100

Fail to reject H0 Reject H0

H1: µ < 100

H1: µ < 100

H1: µ < 100

Reject H0 Fail to reject H0

2. Fail to reject the H0

need to formulate correct wording of final

See Figure 7-4

Does the “There is sufficient (This is the

sample evidence is not strong enough

(alpha) is used to represent the probability

Example: Rejecting a claim that the mean body

ß (beta) is used to represent the probability of

Example:Failing to reject the claim that the

For any fixed , an increase in the sample size n

For any fixed sample size n , a decrease in  will

To decrease both  and , increase the sample

MARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTH

3) If  is unknown, we can use sample

Reject the null hypothesis if the test

Fail to reject the null hypothesis if the test

Does the “There is sufficient (This is the

4) Select if necessary  level:

 = 0.05 was given

z= x-µ = 98.2 - 98.6

z = - 1.96 µ = 98.6 z = 1.96

z = - 6.64 Figure 7-6

z = - 1.96 µ = 98.6 z = 1.96

z = - 6.64 Figure 7-6

z = - 1.96 µ = 98.6 z = 1.96

z = - 6.64 Figure 7-6

Does the “There is sufficient (This is the

Figure 7-4 the claim

Does the “There is sufficient (This is the

Figure 7-4 the claim

Does the “There is sufficient (This is the

Figure 7-4 the claim

Does the “There is sufficient

Figure 7-4 the claim