Apa style and

references
Fatima zaheer
 APA
• APA” stands for the American Psychological Association
• is the format designed for use within the field of psychology. However, other disciplines use APA
as well, so always use the format your professor chooses.
• In this section we are going to look at how you can set up a paper in APA style. Specifically, we are
going to look at citing books and journal articles within your research paper.
• APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological Association.
This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like psychology,
anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields.
 How Does APA Style Work?

• How Does APA Style Work?

• When working with APA there are two things to keep in mind: in-text citations and the
reference page.
• In-text citations will use the author's name and the date within your research
paper.
• the reference page at the end, which lists all the sources that you may have
used in your research paper.
 CITE A SOURCE
• When Would I Have to Cite a Source in APA?
• Anytime you summarize, paraphrase, or quote information from another
source, like passages from books or articles in an academic journal, you
are required to list within your text the author's name and the year the
article was published. There are a couple of ways this can be arranged. 
 Guidelines for APA
• APA Paper Formatting Basics
• All text should be double-spaced
• Use one-inch margins on all sides
• All paragraphs in the body are indented
• Make sure that the title is centered on the page with your name and school/institution underneath
• Use 12-point font throughout
• All pages should be numbered in the upper right hand corner
• The manual recommends using one space after most punctuation marks
• A shortened version of the title (“running head”) should be placed in the upper left hand corner
 Two Types of Citation

In-text citations most commonly take the form of

short parenthetical statements indicating the author
and publication year of the source, 
Intext citations are the shortened form of a reference list
citation where a source is credited in your paper. It has enough
information to locate its matching reference citation.
 PARANTHETICAL CITATION
• A parenthetical citation gives credit in parentheses to a source that
you’re quoting or paraphrasing. It contains information such as the author’s name, the
publication date, and the page number(s) if relevant.
• APA in-text citations  are described as author-date citations. This means that parenthetical
citations should contain the author’s last name, the publication date, and, if applicable, a page
number or page range. These elements should be separated by commas.
 PARANTHETICAL EXAMPLES
When a source has two authors, include both names and separate them using an ampersand
When a source has more than two authors, include only the first author’s name, followed by “e(&).t al.
”
When citing specific pages, write “p.” before a single page number and “pp.”
before a page range or series of nonconsecutive pages.
APA parenthetical citations
Author type Example
1 author (Smart, 2016, p. 12)
2 authors (Smart & Mills, 2002, pp. 41–42)
3+ or more authors (Smart et al., 2010, pp. 16, 22)
 NARRATIVE CITATION
• In a narrative citation, the author’s name appears as part of your sentence,
introducing the cited information with a signal phrase. Only the publication
date (and page numbers if included) appears in parentheses.
•
The author’s surname appears in running text, and the date appears in parentheses
immediately after the author’s name for a narrative citation. The author’s name can
be included in the sentence in any place it makes sense.
Author Type Parenthetical Citation Example Narrative Citation Example
One Author

First citation (Johnson, 2020) Johnson (2020)

Subsequent citations (Johnson, 2020) Johnson (2020)

Two Authors

First citation (Smith & Jones, 2019) Smith and Jones (2019)

Subsequent citations (Smith & Jones, 2019) Smith and Jones (2019)

Three or more Authors

First citation (Carlson et al., 2018) Carlson et al. (2018)

Subsequent citations (Carlson et al., 2018) Carlson et al. (2018)

Group Author with Abbreviation

First citation* (The College of St. Scholastica [CSS], 2019) The College of St. Scholastica (CSS, 2019)

Subsequent citations (CSS, 2019) CSS (2019)

Group Author without Abbreviation

First citation (University of Wisconsin, 2018) University of Wisconsin (2019)

Subsequent citations (University of Wisconsin, 2018) University of Wisconsin (2019)

 Reference page
• Reference Pages
• All sources cited in your paper should be included in the reference page. The reference page should
appear at the end of your APA paper. This page makes it easy for the reader to easily look up all of
the materials you cited.
• Anything cited in the text must appear in the reference section and anything included in the
reference section must be cited somewhere in the text.
• Your references should begin on a new page with the title "References" in bold and centered at the
very top. Do not underline, italicize, or place quotation marks around the title.