Learning Objectives

1. Recognize the common sexually transmitted diseases

2. Describe characteristics of the causative organisms of each sexually transmitted
infection (STI)
3. Identify the individuals at risk of sexually transmitted infections
4. Determine the appropriate laboratory diagnosis and treatment of each infection
5. Discuss the global strategy for the prevention and control or sexually transmitted
infections
General Introduction

 Incidence increased tremendously through the years

 Affected adolescents and adults
 Four ways the infections are acquired
1. Unprotected sex
2. Skin to skin contact with the genital area
3. Blood transfusion
4. Perinatal transmission through transplacental transfer or during childbirth
 Individuals at risk are those who engage in unprotected sex
Prevention and Control of STIs

 Practice of safe sex

 Avoid sharing of needles, as well as getting tattoos, body piercings, or
acupuncture treatments
 Screening of blood donors
 Available vaccines for HPV and Hepatitis B virus
 Two strategies by WHO for the prevention and control of STIs
1. Technical which involves methods of use of protective barriers, promotion of sexual
behavior, accessibility to effective care system, and improved monitoring, evaluation
and control
2. Advocacy
Clinical Manifestations of STIs

 Skin Lesions
1. Ulcerative Lesions
a) Chancre
b) Chancroid
c) Genital herpes
2. Granulomatous reactions
3. Rashes
4. Warty Lesions
 Discharge
1. Vaginal Discharge
a) Trichomonas vaginalis
b) Neisseria gonorrhea
c) Candida albicans
2. Urethral discharge
COMMON STIS
Syphilis
 Cause
 Caused by Treponema pallidum, a spirochete with fine regular coils and tapered ends,
Sensitive to oxygen and cannot be grown in cell-free culture medium
 Modes of Transmission: Direct sexual contact, Congenitally and Blood
transfusion
 Clinical Findings
1. Adult syphilis
2. Congenital syphilis
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention
COMMON STIS
Gonorrhea
 Cause and Inroduction
 Caused by Neisseria gonorrheae, a gram-negative diplococci
 Females are asymptomatic carriers
 Clinical Findings
1. Gonorrhea infection in males
2. Gonorrhea infection in females
3. Disseminated infections
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention
COMMON STIS
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
 Cause and Inroduction
 Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, an
obligate intracellular bacteria that do not have
cell walls
 Clinical Findings
1. Urogenital tract infections
2. Lymphogranuloma venereum
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention
COMMON STIS
Chancroid
 Cause and Inroduction
 Etiologic agent is Haemophilus
ducreyi, a gram-negative
coccobacillus
 Clinical Findings Figure 19.5
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention
COMMON STIS
Genital Herpes
 Cause and Inroduction
 Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus
(HSV), a DNA virus
 Modes of Transmission
 Clinical Findings
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention
COMMON STIS
Condylomata Acuminata
 Cause and Inroduction
 Caused by Human
papillomavirus (HPV), a DNA
virus
 Clinical Findings
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention
COMMON STIS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
 Cause and Inroduction
 Caused by Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV), a RNA virus
 Modes of Transmission
 Clinical Findings
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention
COMMON STIS
Pediculosis Pubis (Pubic lice or crabs)

 Etiologic Agent: Phthirus pubis, a

RNA virus
 Modes of Transmission
 Clinical Findings
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment and Prevention