CONTENTS OF TODAY’S

LESSON
 Expansion of British rule
 Annexation of Punjab, Sind and NWFP area
 Ref text book pg#88-91
 History Today 3 by Teresa Crompton
 BACKGROUND
 After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799,British had made their
administration strong by appointing different Governor Generals.
 One of them was Lord Corn Wallis(reorganised the
company ,introduced corn wallis code)
 Lord Wellesley,was a real empire builder.

 Mapping the subcontinent was done during his reign.

 This made it easier for the British to rule.
 RANJIT SINGH(WHO)

Many areas of modern day Pakistan were at that time ruled by Sikh and
Afghan pathan chiefs.
In 1790,the sikh leader Ranjit Singh ,known as the ’lion of Punjab”
became the governor of Lahore.
He built up an army of 40,000 sikhs ,Muslims and Hindus.

He proclaimed Punjab as sikh kingdom and himself maharaja.

In1802,his forces took control of Amritsar.(an important center of trade)
 TREATY OF AMRITSAR

Lord Minto, concerned about rising power of Ranjit Singh ,sent an

army to Punjab in 1809.
As a result Singh agreed to become a British ally and signed the
‘treaty of Amritsar’
This treaty gave powers to sikhs only as far east as the sutlej river.
Impressed by the discipline of British forces ,singh began to
medernise his army.
 CONT….
He hired a French and an Italian officer to train his soldiers.

Soon the sikh army was enormous,by 1820 his troops had
captured Multan.
Meanwhile a troble arose in Punjab between sikhs and Muslims.

A reform movement began,launched a jihad (led by s. ahmad

Barelvi)
They captured Peshawar but were then defeated by the Sikh army.
 R U S S I A N T H R E AT A N D F I R S T A F G H A N
WA R

The British began to fear that the Russian would advance

towards the subcontinent
Lord Auckland was sent to stop them.

The British were advancing and reached Kabul.at first things

went well.
But eventually matters began to go wrong for the British.

They were continually attacked by Afghans.

 CONT…..
The first Afghan war (1838-42) was a disaster for British.
After two years the situation deteriorated to such an extent that Lord Auckland
ordered British to leave Afghanistan.
In Jan 1842, the British soldiers began to die from the intense cold and attacks
by tribesmen.
The British were completely humiliated,Lord Auckland was ordered back to
London where he had a mental breakdown.
The first Afghan war had cost 20,000 thousands lives and a huge amount of
money-all for nothing,
 ANNEXATION OF SINDH

After the disaster of FAW, the British wanted to take control of

Sindh and Punjab to save their reputation.
They occupied Karachi and forced the Amirs of Sindh to sign a
treaty to get power in sindh.
The Amirs rebelled but Sir Charles Napier defeated them in a
battle.
He was knighted and made the first governor of sindh.
 CONTI…

He made many reforms and began to make Karachi a major port.

Improved the water supply.

Setting up a police force.

ANNEXATION OF PUNJAB

Ranjit singh died at Lahore in1839.

Members of his family took power, including his son Dalip

Singh ,but had difficulty keeping control.
Now British wanted to take control of Punjab.

In1845,the sikh army crossed the river sutlej, breaking the

Amritsar treaty that ranjit singh had made with the British.
 FIRST ANGLO-SIKH WAR

After the break up of Amritsar treaty ,the first sikh war began.
After three months ,nearly 20,000 thousands sikhs, sepoys and
European soldiers were dead.
The British had captured Lahore.
They had the control of Punjab and Kashmir.
They sold the latter to the Hindu raja, Gulab Singh of Jammu, for
eight million rupees.
 2 N D ANGLO-SIKH WAR

There was a sikh uprising at Multan during the time of Lord

Dalhousie.
This developed into the 2nd sikh war.
The British marched against the sikhs and defeated them in 1849.
They made peace through the ‘Treaty of Lahore’.

Under the treaty ,Dalip Singh was allowed to stay on the throne.
The Kohi noor diamond became the property of British.
C R E AT I O N O F N W F P A N D L O R D C U R Z O N

THROUGHOUT THE 19TH CENTURY the British feared a Russian

invasion via Afghanistan.
During the 2nd Afghan war the British tried but failed to take control of
Afghanistan.
In 1893, the British established ‘Durand line’ a boundary between
Afghanistan and India.
The pathan tribesmen of frontier were a fierce and independent people.
 CONT…

The British sent soldiers to control them and by the end of 19th
century there were about 10.000 troops stationed in frontier area.
This costing British a lot of trouble and money.

Lord Curzon took a great interest in Sindh and Punjab but they
were under threat from tribesmen of frontier areas.
 SOLUTIONS

Curzon had made some solutions to this problem.

British soldiers were replaced by tribal soldiers(trained by British

officers).
Tribesmen were warned they faced strong action if they entered
Punjab.
New roads gave access to remote areas ,now British troops could
get there quickly.
 CONT…

Tribal chiefs were paid to maintain law and order.

The British controlled the import of guns.

 N W F P _ _ S E RV E D S E V E R A L U S E F U L
PURPOSES FOR BRITISH

Provided a stronger frontier for the NW.

Helped keep peace and order.
Made administration easier.
Made the proud tribesmen more loyal to theBritish,whilst allowing
them to control their own region.
With greater peace along the frontier, Britain’s relationship with
Afghanistan improved.