AGGREGATES

Lecture 4
 Test 1

Date: 29 Mac 2020 (Sunday)

Time: 8.30 – 9.30 am
Topics Covered: until Lecture on Admixtures
“BERITA & VIRAL”
 AGGREGATES

The purpose of aggregates in concrete:

1)Strength
2)Dimension stability
3)Economy

Read pages 22 - 51
 Objectives

Understand:
• Production of aggregates
• Types of aggregates
• Characteristics and properties of
aggregates
• Test of aggregates
 Aggregates

• A rocklike material of various

sizes and shapes used in the
manufacture of concrete
• ASTM defines aggregates as
granular material such as sand,
gravel, crushed stone used with
cementing medium to form
mortar or concrete
 Aggregate Source

• Process in producing
• Sources: aggregates:
1) Open-pit mining 1) Crushing
2) Quarrying 2) Washing
3) Recycle aggregates 3) Sizing
 Aggregate Groups

• Natural – taken from natural

deposits without change in
their nature during
production
• Manufactured – include
blastfurnace slag, clay,
lightweight aggregate
• Recycle aggregates – broken
concrete
 Types of Aggregates
Coarse
• Crushed – by crushing rocks,
boulders
• Uncrushed – gravel from river
Fine
• Crushed – by crushing stone
• Uncrushed – from weathering and
decomposition of rocks
Fine and Coarse Aggregates
 Based on sizes

• Fine aggregate – less • Coarse aggregate – greater

than 5 mm (C, M, F) than 5 mm ( 10, 20, 40 mm)
Characteristic of Crushed Aggregate

• Crushed –
1) sharp angular particles
2) from quarry
3) rough surface
4) good bond strength
5) low workability
 Uncrushed

• Uncrushed-
1) Round shape
2) Smooth surface
3) From river
4) Low bonding properties
5) High workability
 Types of rock

• Granite – hard, tough and dense,

specific gravity 2.6-2.7
• Sandstone – may contain clay, specific
gravity 2.0-2.6
• Limestone – may contain clay, specific
gravity 2.0-2.6
• Dolomite
Aggregates Based on specific gravity

1) Lightweight aggregate

2) Normal weight aggregate

3) Heavyweight aggregate
 Characteristics of Lightweight Aggregate

1) Bulk density less than 1200 kg/m3

2) Used in manufacturing lightweight concrete,
lightweight masonry block
3) Porous, good thermal insulation
4) Natural lightweight aggregate consists of particles
derived from natural rocks, primarily those of
natural volcanic origin
 Cont.

• Manufactured lightweight aggregate –

is produced by expanding some raw
materials in a rotary kiln, on a sintering
grate, or by mixing them with water.
– eg. converting fly ash from a liability into an asset by
manufacturing LWA from the ash, thus helping to solve the
disposal problem
 Normal Weight Aggregate

1) Density in the range of 2300 – 2500 kg/m3

2) Mostly obtained from quarry, river
3) Specific gravity in the range of 2.5-3.0
4) Suitable for most constructions
5) Need to be cleaned from impurities
6) Chloride content should be less than 1%
 Heavyweight Aggregate

1) Density in the range of 4000 – 8500 kg/m3

2) Used primarily to manufacture heavyweight
concrete for protection against nuclear radiation,
high-density concrete.
3) Low workability
4) High specific gravity such as barite, magnetite,
limonite, ilmenite, iron, or steel.
eg. Barite with specific gravity of 4.5
 Properties of Aggregates

• A number of physical and mechanical properties

will affect durability, strength, and performance of
construction products manufactured using
aggregates

• The aggregate particles should retain their strength,

shape, and texture when used with materials such
as cement
 Properties of Aggregates

1) Compressive strength
2) Specific gravity
3) Bulk density 1) Modulus of elasticity
4) Porosity 2) Moisture content
5) Voids
3) Shrinkage
6) Absorption
4) Grading and fineness
5) Chemical reactivity
 Specific Gravity

• The ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a material

at a specific temperature to the mass of the same
volume of gas-free distilled water at that
temperature.
– eg. 4°C (39° F), at this temperature the density of water is
at its greatest value and equal 1 g/mL.
• The weight of aggregate particles depend on the
moisture level. The specific gravity readings should
be associated with the moisture level or moisture
content measurement
 Example
Aggregate Type Specific Gravity
Granite Normal weight 2.65
Gravel Normal weight 2.70
Sand Normal weight 2.60
Scoria Lightweight 0.75
Pumice Lightweight 0.75
Hematite Heavyweight 5.00
Barite Heavyweight 4.50
 Moisture Content

Two types of moisture:

1)Absorbed moisture
2)Surface moisture
 Absorbed Moisture

• The weight of water absorbed by dry aggregate

particles in reaching the saturated surface dry
condition.
• Usually expressed as a percentage of dry weight
• In this state there is no water on the surface of a
particle, but all the pores are filled with water
• A particle will neither absorb moisture from nor
contribute moisture to the surrounding
 Surface Moisture

• The moisture that is in excess of

absorbed moisture
 Level of Absorption

1) Granite – less than 1%

2) Porous sandstone – as high as 13%

3) Lightweight aggregate – in the range of 5 –

20%
 Moisture Condition of Aggregates

• Oven dry
• Air dry
• Surface Saturated
Dry
• Wet
 Effect Moisture Content

Moisture Design Absorbed Additional Actual Workability Strength/

(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Durability

Oven- 10 2 0 8 Decrease Increase

Dry
Air-Dry 10 1 0 9 Decrease Increase

SSD 10 0 0 10 Required Required

Wet 10 0 2 12 Increase Decrease

 Oven-Dry

• Is obtained when all the moisture is driven out of the

pores by drying the aggregate to a constant weight at
temperature of about 110 °C

• When mixing water is introduce into the concrete mix

part of it will be absorbed by the aggregate resulting to
less water for hydration process and workability of
concrete
 Air-Dry

• Is the condition when the amount of moisture in the

particles is less than that of the saturated surface dry
condition but more than those which remains in oven
dry condition

• Part of the mixing water will be absorbed by the

aggregate during mixing of concrete
 Surface Saturated Dry

• When all pores in the particles are filled with water

but no moisture exists on the outside surface

• The mixing water will be used totally for the

hydration process and workability of concrete
 Wet

• When excess moisture (free water or surface

moisture) remains on the surface of particles, as in
sand exposed to rainwater

• There will be extra water in the concrete mix which

will affect the compressive strength
 Moisture Content

How moisture affects:

1) Workability
2) Strength
3) Durability
 Example

• Determine the moisture content,

absorption, and free moisture content
of the fine aggregate sample.

Initial sample weight = 1.2 kg

Saturated surface dry weight = 1.14 kg
Oven-dry weight = 1.06 kg
 Moisture Content

• Moisture content = (Initial sample wt –

Oven-dry wt) / (Oven-dry wt) * 100
= (1.2 – 1.06) / 1.06*100
= 13.2%
 Absorption

• Absorption = (SSD wt – Oven-dry wt) /

Oven-dry wt * 100
= (1.14 – 1.06) / 1.06*100
= 7.5%
 Free Moisture

• Free Moisture = Moisture content –

Absorption
= 13.2 – 7.5
= 5.7%
BUKL DENSITY OF AGGREGATE
 Bulk density

• Known as unit weight or dry-rodded weight

• The mass per unit volume of aggregate
• The mass is determined in dry condition and the
volume includes the volume of voids
– ASTM C 29/C 29M – 97 (2003R) Standard Test Method for Bulk Density
(“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate
 Void

• Represent the amount of air space in the

aggregate or space between the particles

• Void content is generally expressed as percent

of gross volume which is solid volume plus
volume of voids
 Porosity

• Is defined as the ratio of the volume of the

pores in a particle to its total volume of solid
volume plus the pore volume

How it affects strength and durability?

 For example:

Porosity can be
expressed in
terms of:
(a) Gel/Space Ratio X

X = vol. of solid hydration products (incl. gel pores)

Space available for these hydration products
 Modulus of Elasticity

• Defined as the ratio of stress to corresponding strain

below the proportional limit

• The modulus of elasticity of concrete increases with

increase in the modulus of aggregate

• Creep and shrinkage of concrete also affected by the

modulus of elasticity of aggregate
 Compressive Strength

• Compressive strength of aggregate depends on the

compressive strength of the original rock

• Compressive strength of aggregate required for

normal concrete is 100MPa

• It will affect the compressive strength of concrete

 Gradation/Grading

• Gradation refers to the

particle size
distribution of the
aggregate
• Important property that
affects mix proportions,
workability, economy,
porosity, durability and
shrinkage of the finish
product
 Grading

• Refers to the process that determines the particle

size distribution of a representative sample of the
aggregate
• Sieve analysis – the process of dividing a sample of
aggregate into fractions of same particle size
– Codes of Practice/ Standards?
– Is good concrete performance dependent on meeting grading limits?
 Graded
• Normally graded aggregate – conforms to the
grading limits
• Dense-graded aggregate – particle-size
distribution with least voids
• Open-graded aggregate – particle-size
distribution with less smaller size
• Gap-graded aggregate – one or more
intermediate sizes are missing
 Sieve Apparatus

• Larger to smaller sizes

• Square opening SIEVE
• 10 minutes
• Weigh the aggregate
retain
SHAKER
 Grading limits (BS 882:1983)

Sieve Overall Coarse Medium Fine (F)

size limits (C) (M)
5 mm 89-100 - - -
2.36 60-100 60-100 65-100 80-100
1.18 30-100 30-90 45-100 70-100
600 um 15-100 15-54 25-80 55-100
200 5-70 5-40 5-48 5-70
150 0-15 - - -
 Example
Sieve size Mass Percentage Percentage Grading
retained retained (%) cumulative (compare, M)
(g) passing (%)

10.0 mm 0 0 100
5.00 6 2 98 -
2.36 31 10 88 65-100
1.18 30 10 78 45-100
600 um 59 19 59 25-80
300 107 35 24 5-48
150 53 17 7 -
Less 150 21 7 0
TOTAL 307
Particle Size Distribution
Effect Of Gradation

Strength and Durability

 Corrosion

How does this occur?

Arigato
"Patutkah mereka menutup mata dan tidak memerhatikan(kekuasaan Allah pada)
burung-burung yang terbang di atas mereka,(siapakah yang menjaganya ketika)
burung-burung itu mengembang dan menutupkan sayapnya? Tidak ada yang
menahannya (daripada jatuh) melainkan (kekuasaan) Allah Yang Maha Pemurah.
Sesungguhnya Dia Maha Melihat serta mengetahui akan tiap-tiap sesuatu."
(AlMulk:19)