PIPELINES

Power transmission:- In certain occasions, hydraulic power is transmitted by conveying fluid through a pipeline.
For example, water from a reservoir at a high altitude/elevation is often conveyed by a pipeline to an impulse
hydraulic turbine in an hydroelectric power station. The hydrostatic head of water is thus transmitted by a
pipeline. In analyse the efficiency of power transmission under this situation.
The potential head of water in the reservoir = H ( the difference in the water level in the reservoir and the turbine
centre or Elevation difference)
The head available at the pipe exit (or at the turbine entry) HE = H = hf
Where
hf is the loss of head in the pipeline due to friction.
Assuming that the friction coefficient and other loss coefficients are
constant, we can write
hf = KQ2
Where Q is the volume flow rate and K is the hydraulic resistance
of the pipeline.
Therefore, the power available P at the exit of the pipeline becomes
P=
For Power maximum at a given head H, = 0
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Power Transmission
H – 3KQ2 = 0
KQ2 = hf = is always negative which shows that P has only a maximum value (not
a minimum) with Q.
From H – 3KQ2 = 0, we can say that maximum power is obtained when of the
head available at the source (reservoir) is lost due to friction in the flow.
The efficiency of power transmission ղ p is defined as;
Ղ p= = 1 -
The efficiency Ղ p equals to unity for the trivial case of Q = 0.
For flow to commence and Ղ p hence is a monotonically decreasing function of Q
from a maximum value of unity to zero.
The zero value of Ղ p corresponds to the situation given by = H when the head H
available at the reservoir is totally lost to overcome friction in the flow through
the pipe.
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Power Transmission
The efficiency of transmission at the condition of maximum power delivered is obtained by
substituting KQ2 from or in the Equation as . ( Ղ p = = 1 -
Ղ at Pmax = 1 - = x 100% = 67 %
Therefore the maximum power transmission efficiency through a pipeline is 67% which is
indeed a great loss of energy.
• Pipes terminating in a nozzle carry water power from the storage reservoir
• The major loss due to friction in a pipeline affects the net head available for the turbine,
hence the power developed
Diameter of the nozzle for Pmax.
For maximum transmission of power ;
hf = H, hn = H =2 hf =
2f = , but AV = anvn
2
=
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Pipeline design Longitudinal section of pumping main showing HGL and
Characteristic curve
Hpumping = E.H +hf + Hresidual(Patm. = 10.33m
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Ex. 1
A penstock 60m long, 150mm diameter, f = 0.02, laid at a slope of 1 in 100m carries
water from a reservoir and terminates in a nozzle of 50mm diameter. Coefficient of
nozzle is 0.95. Considering all losses.
Determine:
a) Discharge in nozzle in lps
b) The pressure at the base of the nozzle, (i.e ‘P’ in pump just behind nozzle)
c) The power in KW of the issuing jet.
Draw the total energy and Hydraulic Gradient Lines
K.E of jet P –T
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Example .2
Determine the diameter of a nozzle fitted at the end of a pipeline 300m long,450mm
diameter, and f = 0.02, to get maximum power. The nozzle is 30m below the water
level of the supply reservoir. Determine also the maximum power available.
Hint: Pmax. =