NONRENEWABLE

AND
RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
Nature of Energy
• Energy is all around you!
– You can hear energy as sound.
– You can see energy as light.
– And you can feel it as wind.

Living organisms need energy for

growth and movement.
Nature of Energy
• Energy is involved
when:
– a bird flies.
– a bomb explodes.
– rain falls from the sky.
– electricity flows in a
wire.
– Gasoline (internal
combustion followed
by turbine engine)
– Nuclear
Introduction to Energy
Definition of Energy: Energy can be defined as the ability
(or) capacity to do work
The different forms of energy:
Energy can be obtained in number of way. It may be in
the form of

(1) Chemical energy - due to chemical reaction

(2) Electrical energy - due to flow of electron
(3) Heat energy - due to thermal vibration
(4) Light energy - due to radiation of light
(5) Mechanical energy – due to moving parts
(6) Nuclear energy - due to nuclear reaction
The SI unit of energy is Joule (or) N/m.
Law of Conservation of Energy
According to law of conservation of energy, Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed. But, one form of energy
can be converted to another form.

Example:
 A battery generates electrons from chemical
reactions, which are used to make electrical
energy.

 A heater convert electrical energy into heat energy.

 The human leg converts the chemical energy stored in the

muscles into mechanical energy when you pedal a
bicycle.

 The Chemical Energy in fuel converts into heat energy in

Engines and then heat energy into mechanical energy.
Energy resources
Category of energy resource
On the basis of availability, the energy resources are broadly
categories as,
• Primary energy resources
• Secondary energy resources
Primary energy: All energy originates from natural sources
such as coal, oil, natural gas, solar, wind,
hydro are called primary energy
resources.
Secondary energy: The energy converted from primary
energy sources. For example, the solar

energy can be converted into electricity

Energy resources
Types of Energy sources
1. Commercial energy sources
2. Non commercial energy sources
• Energy sources that are available in the market for
a definite price are known as commercial energy
sources Electricity, petroleum products CNG, LNG
natural gas are the some examples of commercial
energy sources.

•Energy sources that are not available in the market for

a definite price are known as commercial energy.
These sources are derived from directly natural
resources without passing through a commercial outlet.
Wood, animal dung and crops residues are non-
commercial energy sources.
Energy resources
Types of Energy sources
1. Conventional energy sources (or) Non-renewable energy sources
2. Non-Conventional energy sources (or) Renewable energy sources
(1) Conventional energy (or) Non-renewable energy
Conventional (or) Non-renewable energy sources are
those, which cannot be replaced continuously.
• Generally, non-renewable energy sources come out of the
ground as liquids, gases and solids.

Examples: The conventional (or) Non-renewable energy

sources are Oil, Coal, Petroleum and natural
gas, Nuclear energy
 NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

A nonrenewable resource is a natural

resource that cannot be re-made or re-
grown at a scale comparable to its
consumption.
Energy resources
Non-Conventional energy (or) Renewable energy
Renewable energy is a source of energy that can never be
exhausted and can be replaced continuously

We can obtain renewable energy from the sun, from the

water, from the wind, from crop residues and waste  

The types of Non-conventional (or) Renewable energies are

Solar energy Tidal energy

Wind energy Hydro energy
Biomass energy Biofuels
Geothermal Energy Wave Power
Solar Energy
 Originates with the
thermonuclear fusion reactions
occurring in the sun.
 Represents the entire
electromagnetic radiation
(visible light, infrared,
ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio
waves).
 Radiant energy from the sun
has powered life on Earth for
many millions of years.
Under extreme pressure, and at
extremely high temperatures, nuclei of
atoms and their electrons can
separate, forming plasma. In this
extremely high energy state, nuclei
can get close enough to each other to
fuse. When they fuse, they release
tremendous amounts of energy. This
is what happens in the sun’s core
Major Uses of Solar Energy

• Daylight
• Drying Agricultural Products
• Space Heating
• Water Heating
• Generating Electrical Power
• Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
• Photovoltaics

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 -

 Daylighting

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 -

 Drying Agricultural Products

Agricultural products can be dried in a special tower that uses a solar

collector to heat air and channel it through perforated trays of crops,
which dries them and carries the moisture out through the top.
Space Heating Through Passive Solar

Passive solar design involves using specific shapes, angles, and building materials
to maximize the amount of solar energy allowed into the interior of a building during
cold months. Overhangs are used to shield the home from the high, summer sun,
but are designed to allow the low, winter sunlight to enter the windows.
 • Active Solar Heating

The people living in this house enjoy heated water using a solar
thermal system.
Water heating (Solar Collector)
• Glass on outside
• Absorbent on
inside
• Circulating Fluid

A flat-plate collector is used to absorb the sun’s energy to heat the water. The
water circulates throughout the closed system due to convection currents.
Generating Electrical Power
• Concentrating • Photovoltaics
Solar Power – Small-scale
(CSP) (buildings) kW
– Trough systems production
– Power towers – Large-scale
(utilities) MW
• Heat exchanger production
plus steam turbine
• Photoelectric effect
 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

concentrating solar power (CSP) is used in special power plants that use
mirrors to convert the sun's energy into high-temperature heat. The heat
energy is then used to generate electricity in a steam generator.
Photo+voltaic = convert light to electricity

The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a PV system.

Individual cells can vary in sizes from about 1cm to about 10 cm
across. Most cells are made with silicon today. Silicon must be
purified. This is one of the biggest expenses in the production of

solar cells .
How PV cell Works
Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the
atomic level. Some materials exhibit a property known as the
photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light
and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an

electric current results that can be used as electricity .

A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of
an ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a
thicker layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon. An electrical field is
created near the top surface of the cell where these two materials
are in contact, called the P-N junction. When sunlight strikes the
surface of a PV cell, this electrical field provides momentum and
direction to light-stimulated electrons, resulting in a flow of current
when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load
Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by
semiconducting materials to create electron hole pairs.
Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their
atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce
Photovoltaic (PV)Cell

The heart of a photovoltaic system is a solid-state device called a

solar cell.
PV Array Components
• PV Cells
• Modules
• Arrays
Global PV Growth
Advantages & Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Advantages
•Clean
•Sustainable
•Free
•Provide electricity to remote places
•Renewable energy source
Disadvantage
•Less efficient and costly equipment
•Part Time
•Reliability Depends On Location
•Environmental Impact of PV Cell Production
Definition and Motivation
• What is Tidal Energy?
– Energy contained in a tide, especially
that which can be converted to
electricity.
• Why Tidal Energy?
– Declining availability of fossil fuels and
global climate change.
 Energy from the moon
• Tides generated by the combination of the
moon and sun’s gravitational forces
• Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun
combine forces
• Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide
• In order to be practical for energy production,
the height difference needs to be at least 5
meters
• Only 40 sites around the world of this
magnitude
• Overall potential of 3000 gigawatts from
movement of tides
How it works
• First generation, barrage-style tidal power
plants
• Works by building Barrage to contain water
after high tide, then water has to pass through
a turbine to return to low tide
• Sites in France (La Rance), Canada
(Annapolis), and Russia
• Future sites possibly on Severn River in
England, San Francisco bay, Passamaquoddy
Second-generation tidal power plants

• Barrage not need, limiting total costs

• Two types- vertical axis and horizontal axis
• Davis Hydro turbine….. Successfully tested
in St. Lawrence Seaway

• Harness the energy of tidal streams

• More efficient because they allow for energy
production on both the ebbing and surging tides
• One site has potential to equal the generating
power of 3 nuclear power plants
World Map of the Distribution of
Tidal Energy

Red areas show most intense tidal energy

Developing Nations
that could receive
significant benefits
from Tidal Energy
________________________________________

Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles.

Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Vietnam.
Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Kiribati, Micronesia, Palau, Papua New

Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Central and South America: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador,
Guyana, Panama, Surinam.
Atlantic Ocean: Cape Verde.
All coastal nations with tidal passes between coral reefs
Fuel cell Technology
1. Introduction
What is fuel cell?
A Fuel cell is a electrochemical device that converts
chemical energy into electrical energy
• Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one
negative, called, respectively, the cathode and anode. The
reactions that produce electricity take place at the
electrodes
• In all types of fuel cell, hydrogen is used as fuel and can be
obtained from any source of hydrocarbon.
• The fuel cell transform hydrogen and oxygen into electric
power, emitting water as their only waste product.

35
Fuel cell Technology

• Every fuel cell also has an electrolyte, which carries

electrically charged particles from one electrode to the
other, and a catalyst, which speeds the reactions at the
electrodes.
• A single fuel cell generates a tiny amount of direct current
(DC) electricity.
• A converter is used to produce AC current
• In practice, many fuel cells are usually assembled into a
stack. Cell or stack, the principles are the same.
• In 1932, Francis Bacon developed the first successful
FC. He used hydrogen, oxygen, an alkaline electrolyte,
and nickel electrodes.

36
 A fuel cell configuration
A fuel cell consists of two
electrodes namely an anode
and a cathode and
sandwiched around an
electrolyte.
An electrolyte is a substance,
solid or liquid, capable of
conducting oving ions from
one electrode to other.

PH 0101 Unit-5 Lecture-6 37

Fuel Cell Operation
• Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) enters cell on
anode side.
• Gas is forced through catalyst by pressure.
– When H2 molecule comes contacts platinum catalyst, it
splits into two H+ ions and two electrons (e-).
• Electrons are conducted through the anode
– Make their way through the external circuit (doing
useful work such as turning a motor) and return to the
cathode side of the fuel cell.
• On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2) is forced
through the catalyst
– Forms two oxygen atoms, each with a strong negative
charge.
– Negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the
membrane,
– Combine with an oxygen atom and two electrons from
the external circuit to form a water molecule (H2O).
Types of Fuel Cells
• Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
• Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
– Requires high purity H2 due to contamination issues
– Used in space program since 1960’s
• Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
– Large scale power plants (T = 1000 0C)
– Steam production leads to improved efficiency
• Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)
– Large scale power plants (T = 600 0C)
– Less expensive than SOFC
• Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)
– Small power plants
– Long warm-up time makes it poor choice for automobiles
Fuel cell Technology
Advantage, disadvantage and applications

Advantages
• Zero Emissions: a fuel cell vehicle only emits water
vapour. Therefore, no air pollution occurs.

• High efficiency: Fuel cells convert chemical energy

directly into electricity without the combustion process.
As a result, Fuel cells can achieve high efficiencies in energy
conversion.

• High power density: A high power density allows fuel

cells to be relatively compact source of electric power,
beneficial in application with space constraints.

PH 0101 Unit-5 Lecture-6 40

Fuel cell Technology

• Quiet operation: Fuel cells can be used in residential or

built-up areas where the noise pollution can be avoided.

• No recharge: Fuel cell systems do not require recharging.

Disadvantages

• It is difficult to manufacture and stores a high pure hydrogen

• It is very expense as compared to battery

PH 0101 Unit-5 Lecture-6 41

Biomass Energy

Biomass Energy
Energy – It’s Everywhere!
Biomass to Energy
The Sun is the direct or indirect source of nearly
all our energy on earth.
Energy can change from one form to another.
Plants capture solar energy through
photosynthesis to make food, a type of chemical
energy.

Biomass is a name for plant and animal waste

used as an energy source or fuel.
Biofuels are liquid and gas fuels used for
transportation, heat and electricity.

43
OVERVIEW
•Biomass is a renewable energy source that
is derived from living or recently living
organisms.
•Biomass includes biological material, not
organic material like coal.
•Energy derived from biomass is mostly
used to generate electricity or to produce
heat.
•Thermal energy is extracted by means of
combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and
gasification.
•Biomass can be chemically and
biochemically treated to convert it to a
Biomass to Energy
Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
• Crop residues
• Animal manures
• Food / feed processing
residues
• Logging residues (harvesting
and clearing)
• Wood processing mill
residues
• Paper & pulping waste slurries
Municipal garbage & other landfilled wastes
• Municipal Solid Waste
– Landfill gas-to-energy
• Pre- and post-consumer residues
• Urban wood residues
– Construction & Demolition wastes
– Tree trimmings
– Yard waste
– Packaging
– Discarded furniture
Biomass to Bioenergy
• Biomass: renewable energy sources coming
from biological material such as plants,
animals, microorganisms and municipal wastes
Bioenergy Types
• Biofuels
– Liquids
• Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol, Biodiesel
– Gases
• Methane, Hydrogen
• Bioheat
– Wood burning
• Bioelectricity
– Combustion in Boiler to Turbine
– Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
Conversion Processes
• Biological conversion
– Fermentation (methanol,
ethanol, butanol)
– Anaerobic digestion
(methane)
– Anaerobic respiration (bio-
battery)
• Chemical conversion
– Transesterification (biodiesel)
• Thermal conversion
– Combustion
– Gasification
– Pyrolysis
Biomass-to-Bioenergy Routes
Conversion
Photosynthesis Biomass processes Biofuels and Bioenergy Application

Heating
Heat
Wet biomass Anaerobic Biogas
(organic waste, manure) H2, CH4
C6H12O6 + 6O2

fermentation

Electrical devices
Electricity
Gasification Fuel gas
Solid biomass Combustion
(wood, straw)
Pyrolysis
Pyrolytic oil
Hydrolysis

co2
Sugar and starch plants Hydrolysis Ethanol
Sugar Butanol
6CO2 + 6H2O

(sugar-cane, cereals)

Liquid biofuels
Extraction fermentation

Transport
Oil crops and algae Crushing Methyl ester
(sunflower, soybean) Pure Oil
Refining (biodiesel)
Transesterification
Advantages of Biomass  
• Widespread availability in many parts of the
world
• Contribution to the security of energy supplies
• Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil
fuels
• Biomass as a resource can be stored in large
amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand
• Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas
• Developing technologies and knowledge base
offers opportunities for technology exports
• Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission
reductions (SOx, etc.)
Drawbacks of Biomass
• Generally low energy content
• Competition for the resource with
food, feed, and material applications
like particle board or paper
• Generally higher investment costs
for conversion into final energy in
comparison with fossil alternatives
 HMMMM....
What do you think
nonrenewable
resources are?

Break it down...

Nonrenewable?
Resource?
 NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

A nonrenewable resource is a natural

resource that cannot be re-made or re-
grown at a scale comparable to its
consumption.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear fission uses
uranium to create
energy.
Nuclear energy is a
nonrenewable resource
because once the
uranium is used, it is
gone!
 COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS
Coal, petroleum, and
natural gas are
considered
nonrenewable because
they can not be
replenished in a short
period of time. These
are called fossil fuels.
HOW IS COAL MADE ???
HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ???
 WHAT WAS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN COAL AND OIL/GAS?
 HMMMM....
If nonrenewable
resources are resources
that cannot be re-made
at a scale comparable to
its consumption, what
are renewable resources?
 RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are
natural resources that can be
replenished in a short period
of time.

● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
● Water
SOLAR

Energy from the

sun.
Why is energy
from the sun
renewable?
GEOTHERMAL
Energy from
Earth’s heat.

Why is energy
from the heat of
the Earth
renewable?
WIND Energy from
the wind.

Why is energy
from the wind
renewable?
 BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic
or living matter.
Why is energy
from biomass
renewable?
WATER or HYDROELECTRIC
Energy from the
flow of water.
Why is energy of
flowing water
renewable?
 SUMMARY

What are the

differences between
nonrenewable and
renewable
resources?