NON FERROUS METAL & ALLOYS:

Non ferrous metals are other than iron. Non-ferrous

materials have specific advantages over ferrous materials.
They can be fabricated with ease, low density, and high
electrical and thermal conductivities.

Copper:
Copper is one of the earliest metals discovered by man.
The boilers and early steamboats were made from copper.
The Cu is a ductile metal. Pure Cu is soft and malleable,
difficult to machine. It is very high electrical conductivity –
second only to silver. Copper is refined to high purity for
many electrical works.

Applications:
Excellent thermal conductivity – Copper cookware fast
and uniform heating. Electrical and construction
industries are the largest users of Cu.
Aluminum:
Aluminum is a light metal & easily machinable; has wide
variety of surface finishes; good electrical and thermal
conductivities; highly reflective to heat and light.

It can be roll-formed, hammered, extruded and forged

into many shapes. Aluminum can be riveted, welded, and
brazed.
Corrosion resistant - no protective coating needed,
however it is often anodized to improve surface finish,
appearance.

Al and its alloys - high strength-to-weight ratio (high

specific strength) owing to low density.

Such materials are widely used in aerospace and

automotive applications where weight savings are needed
for better fuel efficiency and performance.

Al-Li alloys are lightest among all Al alloys and find wide
applications in the aerospace industry.
Application:

Food/chemical handling equipment, heat exchangers,

light reflectors, pressure vessels, Bellows, clutch disk,
diaphragm, fuse clips, springs, Aircraft structure, rivets,
truck, wheels, screw, railroad cars, furniture, pipelines,
and other highly loaded applications, Aircraft pump parts,
automotive transmission and cylinder blocks.
Zinc:
Zinc is a metallic chemical element. It has atomic
number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the
periodic table.

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to

magnesium. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in
the Earth's crust.

The most common zinc ore is a zinc sulfide mineral.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the
12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the
end of the 16th century.

The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of

zinc production going back to 6th century BC.

The oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar in

Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a
distillation process was employed to make pure zinc.
Applications:
Major applications of zinc include
 Galvanizing (55%)
 Alloys (21%)
 Brass and bronze (16%)
 Miscellaneous (8%)
The metal is most commonly used as an anti-corrosion
agent.

Galvanization is the coating of iron or steel to protect

the metals against corrosion, is the most familiar form of
using zinc in this way. Zinc is more reactive than iron or
steel.
The zinc is applied electrochemically by hot-dip
galvanizing or spraying.

Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails,

suspension bridges, light posts, metal roofs, heat
exchangers, and car bodies.

Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly

corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel
pipeline.

Zinc is also used to catholically protect metals that are

exposed to sea water from corrosion.
Alloys:
A widely used alloy which contains zinc and brass, in
which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 3% to 45%
zinc.

Brass is generally more ductile and stronger than copper

and has superior corrosion résistance. These properties
make it useful in communication equipment, hardware,
musical instruments, and water valves.

Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include

nickel, silver, aluminum and bronze.
Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8%
aluminum find limited use in certain types of machine
bearings.

Zinc is the primary metal used in making American

coins since 1982.

The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give

the impression of a copper coin.
Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper,
aluminum, and magnesium are useful in die casting,
especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware
industries.

Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) is a semi conductive alloy

that can be divided into an array of small sensing devices.

When placed behind an absorbing mask, the CZT sensor

array can also be used to determine the direction of the
rays.
Aluminium alloys:
These are characterized by low density, high thermal &
electrical conductivities, and good corrosion resistant.

As Al has FCC crystal structure, these alloys are ductile

even at low temperatures and can be formed easily. These
alloys melting point is low (660 ْC).

Strength of these alloys can be increased by both cold

and heat treatment. Chief alloying elements include: Cu,
Si, Mn, Mg, Zn.
Recently alloys of Al and other low-density metals like
Li, Mg, Ti gained much attention as there is much concern
about vehicle weight reduction.

Al-Li alloys are very useful in aircraft and aerospace

industries. Common applications: beverage cans,
automotive parts, bus bodies, aircraft structures, etc.
Copper alloys:
As history goes by bronze has been used for thousands
of years. Brasses and Bronzes are most commonly used
alloys of Cu

One special feature of most of these alloys is their

corrosion resistant in diverse atmospheres. It acts as a
strengthening agent in permanent magnets.

Common most Cu alloys: Brass, Bronze, and other

alloying additions like Sn, Al, Si and Ni.
Beryllium coppers who possess combination of relatively
high strength, excellent electrical and corrosion
properties, wear resistance, can be cast, hot worked and
cold worked.

Applications of Cu alloys include: costume jewelry,

coins, musical instruments, electronics, springs, bushes,
surgical and dental instruments, radiators, Electrical
wires, automotive radiator, lamp fixture, clutch disk,
diaphragm, fuse clips, light fixtures, bearings, guards,
pumps, condenser, heat exchanger, piping valves, piston
rings, gears. etc.
Magnesium alloys:
The most sticking property of Mg is low density among
all structural metals. Mg has HCP structure, thus Mg
alloys are difficult to form at room temperatures.

Hence Mg alloys are usually fabricated by casting or hot

working.

Major alloying additions are: Al, Zn, and Mn. Common

applications of Mg alloys include: hand-held devices like
saws, tools, automotive parts like steering wheels, seat
frames, electronics like casing for laptops, cell phones etc.
Titanium alloys:
Ti and its alloys are of relatively low density, high
strength and have very high melting point. At the same
time they are easy to machine and forge.

However the major limitation is Ti’s chemical reactivity

at high temperatures. Thus these alloys are expensive.
They also possess excellent corrosion resistance in diverse
atmospheres, and wear properties.

Common applications include: space vehicles, airplane

structures, surgical implants, and petroleum & chemical
industries.
Refractory metals:
These are metals of very high melting points. For
example: Nb, Mo, W and Ta. They also possess high
strength and high elastic modulus.

Common applications include: space vehicles, x-ray

tubes, welding electrodes, and where there is a need for
corrosion resistance.
Noble metals:

These are eight all together: Ag, Au, Pt, Pa, Rh, Ru, Ir
and Os. All these possess some common properties such
as: expensive, soft and ductile, oxidation resistant.
Ag, Au and Pt are used extensively in jewelry, alloys are
Ag and Au are employed as dental restoration materials; Pt
is used in chemical reactions as a catalyst and in thermo
couples.
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