C - Presentation For Urban WSP Training 8 Jan 2015

CLIMATE-RESILIENT WATER SAFETY PLAN
TRAINING WORKSHOP
(FOR URBAN SUPPLIES)
Workshop Day 1
Self Introduction
2011-present:
WHO, Asia Pacific
2006-2009:
US CDC; Latin +4 Pacific Island
America and Countries
the Caribbean
2009-2011:
Water utility in Australia
Angella Rinehold (USA)

Engineering consultant, WHO HQ (Geneva)
Workshop objectives
 Get comfortable with the “nuts and bolts” of WSPs

 Get familiar WSP training package for future use
 Learn from each other and have some fun!
Workshop overview
Day 1: Introduction & WSP process

Normally a 5-day
Day 2: WSP process + field trip
program!
Day 3: WSP process & wrap up
Day 4: Integration of climate considerations into WSPs (Waltaji)
Exercise: Participant introductions
Introductions
1. Name
2. Organization
3. Role/interest in safe water
4. WSP experience (or N/A)
5. Hobby
WSP introduction
 WSP background
 What is a WSP?
 Why do we need WSPs?
 WSP benefits
WSP background
Introduced by WHO in GDWQ (3rd

Edition, 2004)
“ The most effective means of

consistently ensuring the safety
of a drinking water supply.”
What is a WSP?
Key definition:
WATER A comprehensive risk assessment and risk

SAFETY management approach that includes all
PLAN: steps in the water supply from catchment to
consumer
WSP Approach: 3 Key WSP Objectives
Reduce or
2 remove
contamination by
treatment
Minimize contamination
of source water
uring
tion &
tices
3
Water Safety
Plan
Unsaf
es
handli torage &
ng at h
ome
Distribut
io n
… to provide
safe water here.
Manage water quality risks here…

Why do we need WSPs?
Without a risk management approach, water suppliers must

rely on end-product testing to confirm water safety.
Contaminated
water
consumed
Water microbially Boil water advisory

contaminated
Day Day Day Day

0 7 9 10
TIME
Water
Test results
sampled
Exercise: Limitations of end-product testing
Working in groups, make

a list of the problems with
relying on end product
testing to confirm water
safety.
10+ minutes
(10 to complete;
few to discuss)
Limitations of relying on water testing alone:
 Reactive approach (problem has already occurred)

 Test results provide a “spot check” only (problems can
be missed in space and time)
 Limited laboratory/equipment capacity
 Testing can be very expensive
 May not be clear what went wrong, where and when
(supplier may not know how to correct problem)
Water quality testing is an important component of water supply system

management, but it is not enough to ensure water safety.
Suppliers need a proactive approach to ensure

water safety through good management of the
complete water supply system.
* WATER SAFETY PLAN *
Break!
Bridging the gap between “improved” water supplies and “safe”

water supplies…
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without

sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Indicator: Proportion of the population using an improved drinking

water source
ETHIOPIA:
According to the national WASH inventory (NWI 2012), 68% have

access to improved water sources (75% in urban areas and 49% in
rural areas).
But how many of these improved water sources are safe?
Source: Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan Strategic Framework (2014)
ETHIOPIA
•According to a rapid drinking water quality assessment
(WHO/UNICEF 2010), 32% of 1,602 water samples from
improved sources did not comply the national and WHO
standards for microbiological quality.
•Additional studies conducted by the FMoWIE with the support of

UNICEF and WHO in 2013 indicated high concentrations of
fluoride above permissible limit (1.5 mg/L) in a number of rural
and urban water supplies in the rift valley districts of Oromia,
SNNPR, Somali and Afar regions (FMoWIE 2013).
IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY

≠ SAFE WATER SUPPLY
Source: Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan Strategic Framework (2014)
Post 2015 monitoring for drinking-water?
PROPOSED ONLY
Benefits of a WSP
• Clearer understanding of the system and threats to water safety

• Helps to prioritize use of limited resources
• Improved relationships with stakeholders
Utility • Increased compliance with water quality standards
• Reduced costs and improved cost recovery
• Tool to justify funding requests to government and donors
• Increased confidence in the water supply

Consumers • Safer water
• Increased compliance with drinking water quality standards

Health • Reduced incidence of water-related illness
authorities
Exercise: Water quality & health
* Game from trainer toolkit (#1) *
Working in groups, complete

the table provided by
matching each water-related
hazard with the indication and
source of the hazard. Review
answers together.
10+ minutes
(10 to complete;
few to review)
Example on next slide…

Example:
Possible contamination source

Potential signs Possible hazard
(or hazardous event)
Chronic health issues
Mottling and staining of teeth in

Naturally occurring in some
young children and teenagers; brittle High fluoride levels
groundwaters
bones and crippling
Activity solution...
Possible contamination source (or
hazardous event)
Acute health issues
Diarrhoea and dysentery (including

Open defecation or nearby sanitation
occasional outbreaks of cholera and
facilities; agriculture (use of manure)
typhoid fever) and other waterborne
or wildlife; dirty water with suspended
infections such as hepatitis are Microbial pathogens particles such as silt, clay or organic
widespread within the community,
matter (often from flood waters or
particularaly affecting the young, old
following rainstorms)
and health compromised
Sewage discharges; poorly

Methaemoglobinaemia in bottle-fed
infants (or "blue baby syndrome")
High levels of nitrates/nitrites maintained septic tank;, animal
manure and runoff from agriculture
Possible contamination source
(or hazardous event)
Chronic health issues
Mottling and staining of teeth in

young children and teenagers; brittle High fluoride levels
groundwaters
bones and crippling
Pigmentation changes (melanosis)

and thickening of the skin Naturally occurring in some
(hyperkeratosis), increased rates of
High arsenic levels groundwaters
cancers
Skin irritation (skin rash, hives, itchy

eyes and throat); tingling around the High nutrient levels in warm and
mouth and fingertips; slurred Algae and algal toxins stagnant surface water (ponds,
speech; animals who drink the water tanks)
may die
Possible contamination source (or
hazardous event)
Aesthetic issues
groundwaters; may result from
Stains on fixtures or laundry; coloured
water with metallic taste
High metal concentrations corroding pipes in the distribution
system or from "overturning" of
reservoirs
Unpleasantly salty taste (may pose groundwaters; may be from seawater
health concern to those on sodium- High sodium chloride levels (coastal areas) or caused by
restricted diets) evaporation residue in irrigated areas
(hot climates)

Rotten egg odour and taste; corrosive
black spots in pipes
High sulfide levels groundwaters; could indicate industrial
waste, oil, coal or stagnant water
Brown-coloured water without particles

Naturally occurring in some surface
(not directy harmful to health but could High levels of natural organic
waters from lakes or rivers with
result in high levels of disinfection by- matter
submerged vegetation
products if water is chlorinated)
Soap does not lather; white scale
builds up on pots or kettles when
High hardness (calcium and Usually from limestone or chalk
water is heated (not harmful to health,
magnesium) aquifers
but may make water difficult to treat
and use)
On to the nuts and bolts of
WSPs...
Training based on urban WSP implementation
guidelines for Ethiopia
MoWIE (2014)
WHO/IWA (2009)
The 10 steps of a WSP
DAY 3 Step 1: Assemble team
Step 2: Describe the water supply system
DAY 1 Step 3: Identify the hazards
Step 4: Determine & validate control measures, assess & prioritize risk
Step 5: Develop, implement & maintain an improvement plan
DAY 2 Step 6: Define monitoring of control measures
Step 7: Verify the effectiveness of the WSP
Step 8: Prepare management procedures
DAY 3 Step 9: Develop supporting programmes
Step 10: Review and revise the WSP regularly and following an incident
Will discuss on Day 3…
STEP 1:
Assemble the WSP team
STEP 2:
Describe the water supply system
Objective:
To provide a detailed, up-to-date description of the complete water
supply system, including system maps and diagrams.
Key actions:
1 Identify intended users and uses of water
2 Provide detailed system information (including diagrams)

Key action 1: Identify intended users and uses
 Common (but not particularly strong) example:

Intended use Intended users
The water supplied is intended for General population. The intended
consumption, food preparation, bathing consumers do not include those that are
and laundry. significantly immuno-compromised or
industries with special water quality needs.
These groups are advised to provide
additional point-of-use treatment.
What is meant by general population?

Key action 1: Identify intended users and uses
In Ethiopia, are there differences in how these users

experience water (e.g. different service levels)?
Equity in WSPs
Key tip for equitable

WSP benefits:
As part of the system
description, aim to
understand the
range of users,
paying special
attention to
disadvantaged
groups.
Key action 2: Provide detailed system information
Catchment/ Storage &

Treatment User
source distribution
Water source(s), Treatment Storage tanks & Consumer

yields, catchment processes & reservoirs (#, size, practices
land use, source chemicals used, age, material), (collection,
water treatment plant pipeline storage, treatment,
quality/issues, age & capacity (vs information (layout, handling), etc.
abstraction production), etc. length, diameter,
details, etc. material, age), etc.
Steel
Built 2000
Elevated
Well #1 treated water
Duty/ standby
storage tank Distribution
75 m system
15 L/s Pumps
600 KL
500 KL
UV
Ground-level
raw water 5,000 customers,
storage HH connections
Well #2
Concrete
Built 1980
80 m
20 L/s
Protected catchment
(nature reserve)
A great deal of this information can
be presented on a drawing!
Raw Water Treated Water

Create system diagrams with sufficient detail to

facilitate hazard identification.
If needed, consider creating diagrams at two levels:
LEVEL 1: System overview (catchment to consumer)
LEVEL 2: WTP details

Level 1: system overview
Cattle farm
Village
See detailed drawing of WTP

Blue
River Duty/
Treated water
standby storage, steel, 1990
pump
Blue River Water
Treatment Plant (see 500 KL
detailed schematic)
Duty/
standby
pump High-level area,
20,000 customers,
HH connections
1 ML
Raw water storage

reservoir for
Low-level area,
irrigation, 1990 20,000 customers, 50% HH
connections, 50% public tap stands

Level 2: WTP details
Blue River Water Treatment Plant (WTP)

(5 ML/day, built 2008)
Alum
Clear water
storage tank
5 ML
Rapid 1 ML
Raw water mix
storage reservoir Duty/
standby Flocculation
pumps
Clarification Filtration
Cl2

WALK THE SYSTEM!
Follow the flow of water and physically verify that the description is thorough and accurate
Exercise: System diagrams
Working in groups,
create system diagrams
as described in the
handout in the
Participants Handbook.
30 minutes
(25 to complete;
5 to review)
STEP 3:
Identify the hazards and hazardous events
Step 3: Identify the hazards/hazardous events
Objective:
To identify hazardous events that may threaten the safety and
security of the water supply (i.e. consider what could go wrong,
where and how).
For each step in the water supply chain, identify hazards

and hazardous events that could contaminate, compromise
or interrupt the water supply.
Key definitions:
HAZARD: A chemical, physical or microbial agent that

can cause harm to public health
HAZARDOUS An event or situation that introduces
EVENT: hazards to, or fails to remove them from,
the water supply
Hazard vs. hazardous event
Hazardous event:
Heavy rains destabilize hillside, releasing the boulder
Hazard:
Large boulder
HAZARDOUS EVENT: Source water is faecally

contaminated due to cattle grazing near river HAZARD TYPE: Microbial
HAZARDOUS EVENT: Source water is chemically HAZARD TYPE: Chemical

contaminated due to pesticide use in the catchment
What are some common hazardous events?
Animal waste polluting water source; industrial discharges

Catchment / upstream; wastewater discharges upstream; agricultural
source chemicals in runoff; natural chemicals in groundwater;
improper solid waste disposal polluting water source
Inadequate coagulation; filter clogging / breakthrough;

Treatment inadequate disinfection (underdose or insufficient contact
time); chemical overdose; power failure; pump failure
Birds/animals (or their waste) entering the storage;

Storage & sediment build-up in storage; leaky pipes; poor pipeline
distribution repair practices; low pipeline pressure due to intermittent
supply; backflow
Transport from tapstand stand in open / unsafe vessels;

Consumer
unsafe storage practices; poor hygiene practices;
practices
improper household treatment practices
When identifying hazardous events, BE SPECIFIC! Clearly indicate

what hazard could be introduced, and how.
 TIP:
A good hazardous event reads like this:
X happens (to the water supply system) because of Y
Examples:
•Source water becomes faecally contaminated (X) because of
discharge of untreated domestic waste from households (Y)
•Water in the pipe network becomes contaminated (X) because of
improper pipeline repair practices (Y)
•Water is over- or under-dosed with chlorine (X) because of
insufficient operator training (Y)
X = What can happen to the water supply

Y = How it can happen
 Weak example:
Hazardous event: Agriculture in the catchment
X = What can happen to the water supply Are these

clear enough?
 Stronger examples:
Hazardous event: The source water is faecally contaminated (X)
due to fertilizer use on crops and runoff during rains (Y)
Hazardous event: The source water is chemically contaminated

(X) due to pesticide use on crops and runoff during rains (Y)
 Weak example:
Hazardous event: Old pipes

Not clear enough
 Stronger example:
Hazardous event: Physical and microbial contaminants enter
the pipe network (X) due to breaks and leaks in old pipes (Y)
Hazardous event: The water supply is chemically
contaminated (X) due to leaching from old lead pipes (Y)
When identifying hazards, consider each step in the water

supply chain and ask:
 What could potentially go wrong at this location? (What is

wrong now, what has gone wrong in the past, and what could
possibly go wrong in the future?)
The process of hazard identification should involve:
 Field visits/site inspections
 Desktop review of system diagrams
 Consideration of past events/issues

Exercise: Dug well hazard brainstorm
Working all together in

plenary, discuss hazards
& hazardous events
shown in the picture on
the next slide.
15 minutes
Hazardous event: The well is faecally contaminated (X) due to
fertilizer use on crops and runoff during rains (Y)
Break!
Exercise: Hazard identification
Working in groups, carry

Catchment out the hazard ID exercise
as described in the
Treatment handout (Part I) in the
Distribution
45 minutes
User
(30 to complete;
15 to review)
Refer to list of possible threats to water safety at the end of

the Participants Handbook…
Real-life examples (Australia &
Bhutan) of the importance of creating
detailed system diagrams...
First, a quick review of the basics of filter backwash in case anyone is
unfamiliar…
Alum
Clear water
storage tank
5 ML
Rapid 1 ML
Raw water mix
pumps
Cl2

Rapid sand filter: normal operation
Rapid sand filter: backwash mode
Example #1: Hazard detected through creating detailed system diagram (BHUTAN)
Alum
Clear water
storage tank
5 ML
Rapid 1 ML
Raw water mix
pumps
Cl2
Filter backwash flow

Example #3: Hazard detected through creating detailed system diagram (AUSTRALIA)
Alum
Clear water
storage tank
5 ML
Rapid 1 ML
Raw water mix
pumps
Cl2
Cl2

(Approximate)
Disinfection Cl2 Dose x Contact Time (CT*)
Disinfection Requirements
BACTERIA GIARDIA
Time required at Time required at
0.5 mg/L Cl2 & 20C: 0.5 mg/L & 20C:
E. Coli (99.99%): 106 mins @ pH 7
<30 sec @ pH 7 (99.9%)
VIRUSES
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
180 mins @ pH
Time required at
8.5 (99.9%) Not killed at concentrations
0.5 mg/L & 20C:
used in drinking water
General (99.9%)
6 min @ pH 6-9 *See slide notes for sources
STEP 4:
Determine & validate control measures,
assess & prioritize risk
Step 4: Determine and validate control measures,
Objective:
To identify existing control measures that protect against the
hazards identified, validate the effectiveness of those controls
measures, and assess risk to determine improvement needs.
Step 4: Determine and validate control measures,
Key actions:
1 Identify existing control measures
2 Validate control measures
3 Assess risk
Key action 1: Identify existing control measures
Identify EXISTING control measures for

all hazardous events identified.
Key definition:
CONTROL Activities or processes to prevent or eliminate

MEASURES: a water safety hazard, or reduce it to an
acceptable level
Step 4 focuses on identifying and validating EXISTING control measures.

Recommendations for ADDITIONAL control measures will be addressed in
Step 5.
Example control measures
Water Treatment Plant processes
Controlling activities Staff training to

in the catchment or ensure competency
source water
Fencing around source water

to prevent livestock access
Treatment chemical
quality assurance One-way valves to prevent
procedures backflow contamination
Exercise: Dug well control measure brainstorm

plenary, discuss and list
the control measures
shown in the picture on
the next slide.
10 minutes
Control measures: Activities or processes to prevent or eliminate a
water safety hazard, or reduce it to an acceptable level
Exercise: Control measure post-it
Working independently, write

down as many control measures
(CMs) as you can in the time
allowed (one CM per post-it in big
letters) thinking about all steps
from catchment to consumer,
“hardware” and “software” CMs.
10 minutes
(5 to write; 5 to post &
review)
Control measures: Activities or processes to prevent or eliminate a

water safety hazard, or reduce it to an acceptable level
Key action 2: Validate control measures
Validate control measure effectiveness.
Key definition:
VALIDATION Obtaining evidence that the control measures is

: capable of effectively controlling the hazard
“Validation” can mean different things in different contexts. In the context of a

WSP, it has this very specific meaning.
It is very important to ask:

CAN THE CONTROL MEASURE
DO THE JOB?
Hazardous event: Well becomes

contaminated (X) due to animals or animal
waste entering the well (Y)
Hazard: Microbial
Control measure: Well cover
Can the control

measure effectively
control the hazard?
Existing control measures are only

somewhat effective at controlling
the hazard/hazardous event
Exercise: Hazard-control-validation match-up
Working in groups, match up the

cards provided to build a table with 5
columns and 4 rows (including the
heading row), matching up
associated process steps,
hazardous events, hazards, control
Va
Haz measures and validation notes.
ard
lid
at
io
n
15 minutes
(10 to complete; 5
to review)
Exercise: Hazard-control-validation match-up
Break!
Exercise: Control measure ID & validation

out the control measure
Catchment
ID and validation exercise
as described in the
Treatment
handout (Part II) in the
Distribution
User
30 minutes
(20 to complete;
10 to review)
Read handout instructions together, then review next three explanatory slides…
For half (4 of 8) hazardous events:
For half (4 of 8) hazardous events:
Imagination required!
Example:
Key action 3: Assess risk
Assess the risk associated with each hazardous event

identified.
Key definition:
RISK: The likelihood that a hazardous event will cause

harm combined with the severity of its consequences
Unlikely Minor Low

X =
to occur consequences risk
Likely to Major High

X =
occur consequences risk
Unlikely Major Medium

X =
RISK ASSESSMENT
Clearly not a Medium- or long-term Clearly a priority;

priority priority; requires requires urgent
some attention attention
RISK ASSESSMENT
Example 1: Likelihood = 1; Consequence = 2

Example 2: Likelihood = 2; Consequence = 3
Risk = Likelihood x Consequence
2
6
RISK ASSESSMENT
Defining LIKELIHOOD and CONSEQUENCE
What exactly is meant by unlikely or likely? How do we

distinguish between a minor and major consequence?
Example definitions for likelihood and consequence are provided, but

WSP TEAMS SHOULD ADOPT THEIR OWN DEFINITIONS to suit
their own situation.
RISK ASSESSMENT
Likelihood level Definition
Could occur at some time but has not been observed; may occur only in
1 Unlikely
exceptional circumstances
EXAMPLE DEFINITIONS
2 Possible Might occur at some time; has been observed occasionally
3 Most likely Will probably occur in most circumstances; has been observed regularly
Consequence level Definition
Minor or negligible water quality impact (e.g. aesthetic impact, not health
1 No/minor impact related) for a small percentage of customers; some manageable
disruptions to operation; rise in complaints not significant.
Minor water quality impact (e.g. aesthetic impact, not health related) for a
2 Moderate impact large percentage of customers; clear rise in complaints; community
annoyance; minor breach of regulatory requirement.
Major water quality impact; illness in community associated with the water
3 Major impact supply; large number of complaints; significant level of customer concern;
significant breach of regulatory requirement.
Hazardous event: Shallow well is contaminated (X) due to waste seepage from
latrine (Y)
Hazard: Microbial
Control Measures: None
Likelihood = 3 (Most likely – will probably occur)

Consequence = 3 (Major impact – possible illness in the community)
RISK ASSESSMENT
Likelihood = 3; Consequence = 3
9
Hazardous event:
Well becomes contaminated (X)
due to animals or animal waste
entering the well (Y)
Hazard:
Microbial
Control Measures:
The well has a cover (somewhat
effective)
Likelihood:
2 (Might occur at some time; has
been observed occasionally)
Consequence:
3 (Major impact – possible illness in
the community)
RISK ASSESSMENT
Likelihood = 2; Consequence = 3
6
RISK ASSESSMENT
Exercise: Risk assessment
Working in groups, carry out

the risk assessment exercise
as described in the handout
(Part III) of the Participants
Handbook.
35 minutes
(25 to complete;
10 to discuss)
Step 1: Assemble team
 DAY 1 Step 3: Identify the hazards
Step 6: Define monitoring of control measures
Step 9: Develop supporting programmes
Any questions from
today’s discussion?
TOMORROW:
•Morning session / lunch here
•Field trip in the afternoon
•Wear comfortable clothes/shoes

That’s all for today!
TRAINING WORKSHOP
Workshop Day 2
Exercise: Pop quiz (Day 1 material)
Working individually &

without looking at your
notes, complete the pop
quiz.
20 minutes
(10 to complete;
10 to review)
Pop quiz answers...
The 10 steps of a WSP Q1
Step 3: Identify the hazards
Q2
Limitations of relying on water testing alone:
 Reactive approach (problem has already occurred)

 Test results provide a “spot check” only (problems can
be missed in space and time)
 Limited laboratory/equipment capacity
 Testing can be very expensive
 May not be clear what went wrong, where and when
(supplier may not know how to correct problem)
Water quality testing is an important component of water supply system

management, but it is not enough to ensure water safety.
Post 2015 monitoring for drinking-water?
Q3
WSP Approach: 3 Key WSP Objectives Q4
Reduce or
2 remove
1 Minimize contamination contamination by
of source water treatment
Prevent
contamination during
3
storage, distribution &
handling
Catchment/ Treatment Storage &

User
source distribution
premises
Water source(s), Treatment Storage tanks & Household

catchment land processes & reservoirs (#, size, practices (storage,
use, source water chemicals used, age, material), treatment,
quality/quantity, treatment plant pipeline handling), etc.
abstraction age & capacity (vs information (layout,
details, etc. production), etc. length, size,
material, age), etc.
Q5
Key action 1: Identify hazardous events/hazards
Key definitions:
HAZARD: A chemical, physical or microbial agent that

can cause harm to public health
HAZARDOUS An event or situation that introduces
EVENT: hazards to, or fails to remove them from,
the water supply
Q6
(1 of 2)
Hazard vs. hazardous event
How that thing may come to impact the water supply
Hazardous event:
Heavy rains destabilize hillside, releasing the boulder
Hazard:
Q6 Large boulder
(2 of 2) The thing that can cause harm

Q7
(1 of 2)
 Weak example: Q7
Hazardous event: Old pipes (2 of 2)

Not clear
 Stronger example: Different risks and control measures
Hazardous event: Physical and microbial contaminants enter

the pipe network (X) due to breaks and leaks in old pipes (Y)
Hazardous event: The water supply is chemically
contaminated (X) due to leaching from old lead pipes (Y)
Key action 1: Identify existing control measures
Key definition:
CONTROL Activities or processes to prevent or eliminate

MEASURES: a water safety hazard, or reduce it to an
acceptable level
Q8
Key definition:
VALIDATION Obtaining evidence that the control measures is

: capable of effectively controlling the hazard
Q9
Key action 3: Assess risk
Assess the risk associated with each hazard identified.
Key definition:
RISK: The likelihood that a hazardous event will occur

combined with the severity of its consequences
Unlikely Minor Low

X =
Likely to Major High

X =
occur consequences risk
Unlikely Major
to occur
X
consequences
= ? Q10
On to today’s program...
DAY 1 Step 3: Identify the hazards
DAY 2 Step 6: Define monitoring of control measures
STEP 5:
Develop, implement and maintain an improvement plan
Step 5: Develop, implement & maintain an
improvement plan
Objective:
To develop, implement and maintain a detailed improvement plan
to address all significant risks requiring additional control.
LOGIC FLOW
What are the hazardous events and hazards

Step 3 that threaten water safety?
What controls are in place, are they effective,

Step 4 what are the risks, and what needs more control?
What will be done to address the risks that

Step 5 require additional control?
Develop a detailed improvement plan to address

the risks that require additional control.
improvement plan
What could What are we doing about What is the Do we need
go wrong? it and is it effective? risk? to do more?
Detailed improvement plan

needed where the risk level is
unacceptable
improvement plan
A detailed improvement plan should consider:
 Specific action to be undertaken
 Responsible party
 Due date
 Budget
 Resource constraints (financial, human) BE

REALISTIC!
 Short-, medium- and long-term priorities
Hazardous event: The water supply may become contaminated when dirty
water enters the pipeline (X) because of unsafe pipeline repair practices
bursts/repairs (Y)
Hazard: Microbial, Physical (turbidity)
Existing control measures: No control measures in place
Likelihood = 2 (Possible – has been observed occasionally)

Consequence = 2 (Moderate impact – illness considered unlikely)
improvement plan
OPTION 1 (Thailand)
Keep the trench as clean as possible

improvement plan
Example improvement plan
Arising from Status (not yet started,

Responsible
Specific improvement action (relevant Budget Due date actions undertaken to
party
hazardous event) date, etc.)
Purchase 10 specialized plastic Risk of physical

trench liners and 5 trench and microbial
December
1 dewatering pumps, develop contamination from Mr. Y USD $5,000 Not yet started
2015
SOP and train staff on new pipeline repair
procedures practices
2
3
OPTION 2 (Australia):
• Take reasonable
precautions to keep
pipeline clean.
• Use dedicated water (vs

sewer) repair gear (boots,
shovels)
• SOP to flush until desired

chlorine residual achieved
improvement plan
Example improvement plan
Arising from Status (not yet started,

Responsible
Specific improvement action (relevant Budget Due date actions undertaken to
party
hazardous event) date, etc.)
Purchase separate repair gear

Risk of physical
for water and sewer
and microbial
maintenance staff, develop
1 contamination from Mr. Z USD $500 June 2015 Not yet started
SOP on flushing to a Cl2
pipeline repair
residual and train staff on new
practices
procedures
2
3
improvement plan
Generally, there are some improvements that can be

implemented immediately at little or no cost, while other
improvements may require significant resources.
The incremental improvement plan

can be an excellent tool to attract
government and external supporters
to provide funding assistance.
Exercise: Improvement planning

out the improvement
planning exercise as
described in the handout
in the Participants
Handbook.
15 minutes
improvement plan
The WSP must be continuously updated to remain current. As

the improvement plan is implemented, the following should
be updated:
1 The risks assessment table

•Add new controls to the risk assessment table (including control
measure validation and risk reassessment)
•Consider any new hazards introduced by the new control (e.g.
chlorine)
1 Updating the risk assessment table (new controls)
Update to reflect new improvements

1 Updating the risk assessment table (new hazards)
Introduction of new controls could introduce new hazards
What new hazards could be

introduced by adding chlorine to
reduce microbial risks?
improvement plan
The WSP must be continuously updated to remain current. As

the improvement plan is implemented, the following should
be updated:
1 The risks assessment table

•Add new controls to the risk assessment table (including control
measure validation and risk reassessment)
•Consider any new hazards introduced by the new control (e.g.
chlorine)
2 The improvement plan

•Update the improvement plan to make clear the status of each
improvement and add any new improvement needs
2 Updating the improvement plan
Status (completed, not

Arising from Responsible
Specific improvement action Budget Due date yet started, actions
(relevant hazard) party
undertaken to date, etc.)
Engage contractor to construct Risk of faecal

a wooden fence 30 feet in contamination from December Project completed
1 Mr. X USD $500
diameter around wellhead and cattle grazing near 2013 November 2013.
slope ground away from well wellhead
2
3
improvement plan
CONTINUOUS CYCLE
Break!
STEP 6:
Define monitoring of the control measures
WSP monitoring steps of a WSP
Step 3: Identify the hazards

Monitoring
STEP 6 STEP 7
Objective:
To define and carry out a control measure monitoring plan (or
operational monitoring plan) to confirm that control measures are
working as intended.
Key definition:
OPERATIONAL Routine monitoring performed to confirm that

MONITORING: control measures are working to protect water
safety at key steps along the water supply chain
In Step 4 we confirmed through validation that a control measure is

fundamentally capable of addressing the hazard. Step 6 involves
performing the ongoing monitoring necessary to confirm that the
control measure continues to function correctly.
Why do we conduct control measure monitoring (or

operational monitoring)?
• To confirm that the control measure continues to work

• To allow for timely action to be taken in the event of a
deviation to prevent water quality targets from being
compromised
Failing control measure Corrective action

OPERATIONAL MONITORING CORRECTIVE

MONITORING: RESULTS: ACTIONS:
What to monitor, Is the control What corrective
where, when, measure No actions need to
how, who? What performing as be taken if critical
is critical limit or intended (within limits are
target condition? critical limits)? breached?
Yes
Examples
Critical limit (or

Process Control What to Corrective
Where? When? How? Who? target
step measure monitor? action
condition)
Fence
Fence Secure gate
Fence Visual Maintenance structurally
Catchment around At well Weekly or repair
condition inspection lead sound and the
wellhead fence
gate secured
Collect
At entry point Follow
Water sample
Chlorine to the ≥0.5 mg/L and chlorine non-
treatment Chlorination 4x daily from tank Analyst
residual distribution ≤1.5 mg/L compliance
plant outlet tap &
system SOP
field test
Examples
Process Control What to Critical limit (or Corrective

Where? When? How? Who?
step measure monitor? target condition) action
On-the-spot
refresher on
Operator Dosing Unannounced relevant SOP
Water Strict adherence
training on Performance points WTP visits / and assessment
treatment Monthly Supervisor to relevant SOPs
chemical / practice (alum performance of need for
plant as per training
dosing and Cl2) observations formal /
thorough re-
training
Which control measures should be monitored?
Look at each
existing control Is the control
measure in your measure critical Monitoring
risk table and the to keeping the No plan not
hazardous event risk to an needed
it is designed to acceptable level?
manage
Yes
Monitoring plan needed

Exercise: Operational monitoring
Working together in plenary,

let’s complete the table below
5 minutes
for operational monitoring of
rapid sand filter performance.
Critical limit (or

Process Control What to Corrective
Where? When? How? Who? target
step measure monitor? action
condition)
Fence
Fence
Visual Maintenance structurally Secure gate or
Catchment around Fence At well Weekly
inspection lead sound and the repair fence
wellhead
gate secured
Water
Rapid sand
treatment
filter
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
plant
Exercise: Operational monitoring
Example solutions (visual and WQ testing):
Process Control What to Critical limit (or Corrective

Where? When? How? Who?
step measure monitor? target condition) action
1x daily (dry
Water
Rapid sand Water season); 4x Visual At level of Filter backwash
treatment At filter Operator
filter level daily (rainy inspection backwash channel as per SOP
plant
season)
1x daily (dry
Water Sampling
Rapid sand At filter season); 4x Filter backwash
treatment Turbidity and lab Operator <1 NTU
filter outlet daily (rainy as per SOP
plant testing
season)
Break!
STEP 7:
Verify the effectiveness of the WSP
STEP 6 STEP 7
Objective:
To demonstrate that drinking water quality standards are being
met, consumers are satisfied and the WSP is complete, up-to-date
and effective.
Key definition:
VERIFICATION: The process of obtaining evidence that the WSP as

a whole is working effectively to deliver safe water.
“Verification” can mean different things in different contexts. In the context

of a WSP, it has a very specific meaning.
Drinking water
quality standards
1
are being met Compliance
monitoring
VERIFICATION
Confirm that WSP is
complete, up-to-
3 2 date & implemented
Consumer Auditing
satisfaction
WSP A systematic inspection or

AUDIT: assessment of a WSP
Internal auditing External auditing
External evaluation by a qualified

independent third party (e.g. gov’t
Internal evaluation by the supplier
regulator)
WSP audits become increasingly important as WSPs become part of the

regulatory environment.
EX: Lao PDR
New drinking-water quality standards (DWQS) require WSPs for:

•All urban suppliers within 5 years
•All rural suppliers within 10 years
DWQS also require

How will this be enforced? MoH to lead WSP
auditing
Drinking water
quality standards
1
are being met Compliance
monitoring
Consumers are VERIFICATION

Confirm that WSP is
satisfied (and not
complete, up-to-
turning to less safe 3 2 date & implemented
alternatives)
Consumer Auditing
satisfaction
STEP 6 STEP 7
Raw water turbidity testing by the supplier to
determine coagulant dose. Operational monitoring
or compliance monitoring?
Alum
Clear water
storage tank
5 ML
T
Rapid 1 ML
Raw water mix
pumps
Cl2
Faecal coliform testing by the health authority at
household taps. Operational monitoring or
compliance monitoring?
FC
FC
WTP
Chlorine residual testing by the supplier in the
distribution system to confirm compliance with
DWQS (results submitted to MoH). Operational
monitoring or compliance monitoring?
Cl2
WTP
Chlorine residual testing by the supplier at the WTP
and in the distribution system to determine the
appropriate chlorine dose. Operational monitoring
or compliance monitoring?
Cl2 Cl2
WTP
Example: Operational vs compliance monitoring in Bhutan
Source & Water Treatment Plant WQ testing by the supplier
Filters
Sedimentatio
n tank
Treated water
storage / Cl2 contact
22/12/22 167
Turbidity pre- and post-

sedimentation tank
SP-S-002 SP-S-001
Operational
monitoring
22/12/22 168
Turbidity pre- and

post- filtration
SP-WTP-002 SP-WTP-001
SP-WTP-003
Operational
monitoring
169
SP-WTP-004
Cl2 before and after

CW storage Operational
monitoring
SP-WTP-005
22/12/22 170
Operational
monitoring
SP-D-001 to SP-D-012
Cl2 and turbidity throughout
distribution network
22/12/22 171
WQ testing by health authorities
Compliance
monitoring
Important note!
VALIDATION
≠ VERIFICATION
• Part of Step 4: Identify

and validate control
measures, assess and
prioritize risk
• Answers the question:

Can the control
measure effectively
control the hazard?
Important note!
VALIDATION
≠ VERIFICATION
1
• Step 7: Verify the
Compliance effectiveness of a WSP
monitoring
• Answers the question: Is

VERIFICATION
the WSP as a whole
3 2 working effectively to
Consumer Auditing deliver safe water?
satisfaction
Exercise: Verification triangle game
The trainer will give you 8 cards of one

color, each with one key term. Working
in groups, construct the verification
triangle from 4 of the cards provided. Set
the extra 4 cards aside. The trainer will
then give you 8 additional cards of
another color with definitions for each
key term. Mix up all 16 cards and then
match the key terms with the definitions.
10 minutes
Exercise: Hazard-control match-up
Working in groups and using

the cards provided, match up
the hazardous events with the
related control measures. The
trainer will not tell you if you are
correct. Groups will then rotate
tables and correct each other’s
work.
15 minutes
(10 to complete; 5
to review)
Any questions from
today’s discussion?
Field Trip – General Plan
Visit Bishoftu water supply system and

gain practical experience with some of the
core steps of a WSP.
Field Trip - Instructions
#1
Draw a system schematic, including as much system detail as possible.
If necessary, create Level 1 and Level 2 drawings (group choice).
Cattle farm
Village
Blue
River Duty/ Treated water storage,
standby steel, 1990
pump
Blue River Water
Treatment Facility (see 500 KL
detailed schematic)
Duty/
standby
20,000 customers, HH
connections
1 ML
Raw water storage

reservoir for irrigation, Low-level area,
1990 20,000 customers, 50% HH
Level 1: system overview
Cattle farm
Village
See detailed drawing of WTP

Blue
River Duty/
Treated water
standby storage, steel, 1990
pump
Blue River Water
Treatment Plant (see 500 KL
detailed schematic)
Duty/
standby
20,000 customers,
HH connections
1 ML
Raw water storage

reservoir for
Low-level area,
irrigation, 1990 20,000 customers, 50% HH

Level 2: WTP details
Blue River Water Treatment Plant (WTP)

(5 ML/day, built 2008)
Alum
Clear water
storage tank
5 ML
Rapid 1 ML
Raw water mix
pumps
Cl2

#2
For each major process step visited (catchment/source, treatment works,
storage/distribution and tap stands), should make observations and ask
questions of staff in order to:
•Identify at least three hazardous events at each major process step (“X
happens because of Y”)
•Document existing control measures for each hazardous event (if any)
•Validate the effectiveness of those controls (may require imagination!)
•Assess the risk of each hazardous event
Catchment/ Treatment Storage &

User (Tap
source distribution
stands)
#2
In other words, complete the risk assessment table…
TIPS
•Refer to your list of possible hazardous
events for ideas while in the field
•Ask questions of yourselves and of

supplier staff, for example:
o What could go wrong here?
o What steps are currently taken to
stop that from happening?
o What evidence is there that those
measures do (or do not) work?
Be a WSP detective!
Tomorrow – The Plan
•Each group will deliver a 10 minute presentation

on field trip findings. Groups should be prepared
to present their system schematics and their risk
assessment tables.
•Groups will be given some time tomorrow morning

to complete preparation of presentations.
Field Trip – Specifics
Brief overview of the Bishoftu water supply

system, including specific sites / process
steps to be visited…
Any questions on the
field trip?
Let’s go the field!
TRAINING WORKSHOP
Workshop Day 3
Exercise: Risk assessment building blocks
Working in groups, put the 34

cards provided in the
appropriate order to construct a
risk assessment table with one
heading row and three example
rows.
20 minutes
(15 to complete; 5
to review)
Exercise: Risk assessment building blocks
Field Trip Presentations
• Each group should prepare a 10 minute

presentation on field trip findings. Groups
should present their system schematics and
the completed risk assessment table for the
hazardous events documented.
• Groups have 75m (1hr 15m) minutes to

complete preparation of the presentations.
Group Presentations
Group 1 presentation plus time for

questions / discussion…
Break!
Group Presentations
Group 2-5 presentation plus time for

questions / discussion…
 DAY 1 Step 3: Identify the hazards
 DAY 2 Step 6: Define monitoring of control measures
STEP 8:
Prepare management procedures
Objective:
To document management procedures to be followed during
normal conditions, incident situations and emergencies, e.g.
standard operating procedures (SOPs) and emergency response
plans.
All systems require instructions on how to operate. It is

important to have relevant management procedures
clearly defined and accessible for use.
Key definition:
MANAGEMENT Actions to be taken during normal

PROCEDURES: operating conditions as well as incident
and emergency situations
Develop SOPs
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) should document steps to

follow during 1) normal operations and 2) incident situations.
SOPs
Steps to follow Steps to follow

during normal during an incident
operations (corrective actions)
Ex: Filter backwashing procedures Ex: Responding to a Cl2 breach

Develop SOPs
Filter backwashing SOP: SOP for Cl2 critical limit breach:
 Backwash triggers (effluent

turbidity, pressure head,
 Who is qualified to respond
filter run time)

 Protocol for investigating and
correcting issue
 Who is qualified to run
backwash  How to stop flow of unsafe
water to distribution system
 How to run backwash (valve
adjustments, etc.)
(when necessary)
 How to communicate with

 How to return filter to
service (filter to waste)
health officials and consumers
(when necessary)
 Etc…  Etc…
Develop SOPs
SOPs are important tools to:
 Build operator confidence that they know what to do and when
 Help ensure that important tasks are done right
 Prevent valuable knowledge and experience from being lost
 Serve as training tools for new staff

Exercise: SOP brainstorm

plenary, brainstorm
activities for which SOPs
could be developed.
5 minutes
Develop emergency response plans
An emergency response plan should be developed to cover

incidents or emergencies for which there is no specific SOP.
Emergency response plan may include:
 Triggers for activating emergency response
 General roles and responsibilities within utility
 Communication protocols (internal and external)
 Alternative/emergency water supplies
 Etc…
Should be reviewed and revised regularly and following an incident/emergency

Communication protocols should consider communication

with:
 Consumers
 Health authorities
 Regulators
 Within supplier
 Environmental agencies
Communication protocols should detail contact information during

business hours and outside of business hours.
STEP 9:
Develop supporting programs
Step 9: Develop supporting programs
Objective:
To develop supporting programmes that contribute to drinking
water safety.
Key definition:
SUPPORTING Actions that contribute to drinking water

PROGRAMS: safety but do not directly affect water quality
Examples:
Supporting programmes can…
Strengthen
relationships
(e.g. consumer
outreach)
Create enthusiasm &

Develop skills and improve attitudes (e.g.
knowledge (e.g. develop WSP culture)
operator training)
Experience from Addis Ababa
Points of interest presented by Addis

Ababa water supplier (15m)…
STEP 1:
Assemble the WSP team
Step 1: Assemble the WSP team
Presentation by Yared (30m)

Exercise: WSP team brainstorm

plenary, brainstorm
appropriate WSP team
members and discuss their
respective roles/contributions
to the WSP team.
10 minutes
STEP 10:
Review and revise the WSP regularly and
following an incident
Step 10: Review and revise the WSP regularly
and following an incident
Objective:
To ensure that the WSP is up-to-date and effective and ensure that
it reflects lessons learned from incidents and near misses.
P
WS
*PLANNED*
REVIEWS
WSP team should meet regularly to review all aspects of the

WSP to ensure that the WSP is:
Any changes to the WSP team, population
 Accurate served, new SOPs, etc.?
 Effective What do monitoring trends suggest about

effectiveness?
NEW
*AS-NEEDED* FARM
REVIEWS
In addition to regular review, the WSP team should review the

WSP:
 After any significant change (e.g. new system infrastructure
or new farm in catchment)
 After an incident or near
miss
TO IMPROVE!
Why review To reduce the likelihood that it
incidents and will happen again and/or to
near misses? improve the response to
minimize impact.
Challenge An open and honest discussion of what went wrong

can be difficult for fear of blame. May be temptation
to cover up mistakes.
Tip Do not assign blame.

Focus on positive
lessons learned.
Example WSP Affected

revisions: WSP steps?
Exercise: Challenges + tips activity
Working in groups, review

“WSPs at a glance” in the
Participants Handbook and
write down 3 challenges you
foresee in practically
implementing a WSP, plus tips
+ / ideas for navigating those

challenges.
20 minutes
(10 to complete;
1o for discussion)
Break!
Exercise: Walkerton tragedy
Working in groups, prepare

a timeline of events as
described in the handout in
the Participants Handbook.
60 minutes
(45 to complete;
15 to discuss)
See next slide for a simple

timeline example…
Well #7 Boil water
Flooding
chlorinator advisory issued
observed at
breaks (by radio only)
Well #5
May May May May May

3 12 17 21 22
TIME
Supplier The first
notified of E.coli victim
in system dies
Exercise: Stage & module numbering game
Step 1: ?
Step 2: ?
Working in groups, put
the WSP steps in the
Step 3: ?
Step 4: ?
appropriate order.
Step 5: ?
Step 6: ?
Step 7: ?
Step 8: ?
5 minutes
Step 9: ?
Step 10: ?
RECAP: What is a WSP?
A way to ensure safe drinking water by:
 Knowing the system thoroughly
 Identifying where and how problems could arise
 Putting barriers and management systems in place to stop the

problems before they happen
 Confirming that all parts of the system, and the system as a

whole, continue to work properly through regular monitoring
RECAP: What a WSP is NOT
A WSP is NOT:
A new concept (rather, it pulls together well-established

 features and standards of best practice)
 Just a document to be developed (rather, it is an improved

system management approach to be implemented)
 A one-time exercise (rather, it is requires continuous

maintenance and improvement over the long term)
 An additional workload for suppliers (rather, it represents

what suppliers should be doing, and it builds on existing
procedures)
Not rocket science. Just good practice!

Any questions from
workshop discussions?
CONGRATULATIONS!
THANK YOU!

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CLIMATE-RESILIENT WATER SAFETY PLAN

Angella Rinehold (USA)

 Get comfortable with the “nuts and bolts” of WSPs

Day 1: Introduction & WSP process

Introduced by WHO in GDWQ (3rd

“ The most effective means of

WATER A comprehensive risk assessment and risk

Manage water quality risks here…

Without a risk management approach, water suppliers must

Water microbially Boil water advisory

Day Day Day Day

Working in groups, make

Limitations of relying on water testing alone:

 Reactive approach (problem has already occurred)

Water quality testing is an important component of water supply system

Suppliers need a proactive approach to ensure

Bridging the gap between “improved” water supplies and “safe”

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without

Indicator: Proportion of the population using an improved drinking

According to the national WASH inventory (NWI 2012), 68% have

But how many of these improved water sources are safe?

•Additional studies conducted by the FMoWIE with the support of

IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY

• Clearer understanding of the system and threats to water safety

• Increased confidence in the water supply

• Increased compliance with drinking water quality standards

* Game from trainer toolkit (#1) *

Working in groups, complete

Example on next slide…

Possible contamination source

Chronic health issues

Mottling and staining of teeth in

Acute health issues

Diarrhoea and dysentery (including

Sewage discharges; poorly

Chronic health issues

Mottling and staining of teeth in

Pigmentation changes (melanosis)

Skin irritation (skin rash, hives, itchy

Naturally occurring in some

Brown-coloured water without particles

DAY 3 Step 1: Assemble team

Step 2: Describe the water supply system

DAY 1 Step 3: Identify the hazards

Step 5: Develop, implement & maintain an improvement plan

DAY 2 Step 6: Define monitoring of control measures

Step 7: Verify the effectiveness of the WSP

Step 8: Prepare management procedures

DAY 3 Step 9: Develop supporting programmes

1 Identify intended users and uses of water

2 Provide detailed system information (including diagrams)

 Common (but not particularly strong) example:

What is meant by general population?

In Ethiopia, are there differences in how these users

Key tip for equitable

Catchment/ Storage &