Electrical Power Systems

Dr. Mohamed Taha Mouwafi

Lecture: 5
 Uniformly loaded distributor fed from one end

i : Load current (A/unit length). l

VA Unit length
l : Distributor length (m). B
r : Resistance of both go and return per A
unit length (Ω). i i i i i i i i i
 The voltage drop in a feeder A/unit length

The  resis tan ce  o

  f  length   dx il
=   r   dx         W 
A B
Current loading diagram
The  current   in  portion   dx
=   i   (l - x )   VA l
P
Hence , T  he  drop   dv   in  length   dx
A B
=   i   (l - x )  r   dx    x
dx
 Uniformly loaded distributor fed from one end
The total drop up to point P can be calculated as:
x x
D V AP = ò dv = ò i   (l - x )  r   dx
0 0

æ x 2 ö
÷
= i  r  çç lx - ÷
÷  
çè 2 ø

The total drop in the distributor can be obtained as:

A t      x = l
l2 l2
Hence ,    D V A B = i  r      ir
2 2
A B
Voltage drop diagram
 Uniformly loaded distributor fed from one end
 The total power loss in a feeder
2
The  power   loss   in length   dx =   {i (l - x )} ´   r   dx

The   t otal   power   loss   P   in  length   l   can  b

  e   calculated   as : 
l 2
P = ò {(l - x )i } r   dx   
0
l
= ò (l 2 - 2  l  x + x 2 )  i 2  r   dx   
0
l
é 2  l  x 2 3
x ú ù
ê 2
= i  r   êl x -
2
+
2 3 ú
êë ú
û0
3
2 l
= i  r                    W 
3
 Uniformly loaded distributor fed at both ends

VA l
VB
Let P be the point of minimum
P
voltage.
A B
\    V  A - D V AP   =  V  B - D V BP x
dx
x
i l
D V A P =   ò i  r   x  dx 2
0 2
P
x 2
A B
=   i  r    l i
2 2
2
l- x
Current diagram at VA = VB

D V BP =    ò i  r   x  dx
0
P
2
(l - x ) A B
=   i  r   
2 Current diagram at VA > VB
 Uniformly loaded distributor fed at both ends
2
x 2
(l - x ) D V AP D V BP
\    V  A - i  r      =  V  B - i  r   
2 2

At   V  A  =  V  B
2
2
x (l - x ) A P
B
\    i  r      = i  r   
2 2 Voltage drop at VA = VB

D V BP
D V AP

VA -   VB

A P B
Voltage drop at VA > VB
 Uniformly loaded distributor fed at both ends
 The total power loss in half length of the feeder
2
ìïï æl
l 2
ö ü
ïï
ç
P = ò íç - x ÷ ÷i ý r   dx   
0 ï
ç ÷
ø ïþ
îï è 2 ï

æl 2
l 2 ö
= ò çç -  l  x + x ÷
2
÷
÷  
i 2
 r   dx   
ç
0 è 4 ø
l 2
él 2  
l  
x 2 x 3ù
= i 2  r   êê x - + ú
ú
êë 4 2 3 ú
û0
3
l
= i 2  r                    W
 
24
 Example 1
DC 2-wire distributor AB is loaded as shown having a uniformly distributed
load of 2 A/m between EF and GI. The resistance of each conductor is 0.05 Ω
per 1000 m. Determine the point of minimum potential. The distances are in
meters.
228 V 225 V
100  m 50  m 2 0   m 3 0   m 50  m 50  m 60  m 90  m
C D E F G H I
A 2 A/m 2 A/m B

60 A 100 A 50 A

Solution
0.05
Resis tan ce   f or  b
  oth   go   and   return =      ´ 2 = 0.0001     W/ m  
1000
Let D is the point of minimum potential.
 Example 1
228 V 225 V
100  m 50  m 2 0   m 3 0   m 50  m 50  m 60  m 90  m
C D E F G H I
A 60+x x 100-x 150-x B
2 A/m 2 A/m
60 A 100 A 50 A

V  A - D V AD   =  V  B - D V BD

V  A - [D V AC + D V CD ]  =  V  B - [D V BH + D V DH + D V EF + D V GI ]

 228 - 0.0001´ éë(60 + x )´ 100 + 50x ù

û  
é 2´ 302 2´ 1102 ù
=   225 - 0.0001´ ê(150 - x )´ 150 + (100 - x )´ 150 + + ú
êë 2 2 ú û
\     x = 165.5    A
 Example 1
Q   x > 100   A Hence, D is not the point of minimum potential.

The  load  c urrent   between  EF   = 2´ 30 = 60  A     <   65.5  A

Hence ,The  remaining  c urrent   5.5  A  is   consumed  b

  etween G
  H   

5.5  A
The   po int o
  f   min imum   potential  from   po int  G
  = = 2.75  m   
2  A / m

Or ,the   dis tan ce   from   A = 100 + 50 + 20 + 30 + 50 + 2.75 = 252.75  m   

 Three-wire DC distributor

Positive side
Outer V1 V2 V4
+
I1 I2
I4
E Domestic

Neutral V3 Heavy loads

- 2E
+
I3
E

-
Outer
Negative side
 Three-wire DC distributor fed from one end
0.01 Ω 0.008 Ω D
A C E B
+
300 A 270 A 250 A 200 A
200 V 30 A
20 A 50 A
0.02 Ω 0.004 Ω
- G 0.012 Ω F L
+ N
20 A C´ 50 A 10 A D´10 A 50 A E´
200 V 60 A 60 A
0.015 Ω
-
B´
A´ 320 A G´ 260 A F´ 200 A

V CC ¢ = 200 - [DV AC - DV NC ¢]= V AN - [300´ 0.01- 20´ 0.02]= 197.4  V 

V  DD ¢ = V CC ¢ - [DV CD + DV GD - DVGC ¢]
 = 197.4 - [270´ 0.008 + 10´ 0.012 - 50´ 0.004]= 195.32  V 
 Example 2
A 3-wire DC system is loaded as shown in figure below. Determine the
voltage between middle wire and outer at each load point.
0.2 Ω
P 0.2 Ω A 0.25 Ω B C
+

250 V 8A 15 A 10 A
0.3 Ω
0.2 Ω 0.15 Ω E 0.3 Ω
Q +-
D F G
250 V 18 A
0.3 Ω 0.4 Ω
-
R H
 Solution
P 0.2 Ω A 0.25 Ω B 0.2 Ω C
+
33 A 25 A 10 A
250 V 8A 15 A 10 A
0.2 Ω 0.15 Ω E 0.3 Ω 0.3 Ω
Q +-
15 A D 7A 25 A F 10 A G
250 V 18 A
0.3 Ω 0.4 Ω
-
R 18 A H

V  AD = 250 - (33´ 0.2 + 15´ 0.2) = 240.4  V

 

  BF = 240.4 - (25´ 0.25 + 25´ 0.3 + 7´ 0.15) = 225.6  V

V  
V CG = 225.6 - (10´ 0.2 + 10´ 0.3) = 220.6 V 
  EH = 250- (18´ 0.3- 15´ 0.2 - 7´ 0.15) = 248.65 V 
V
 Three-wire DC distributor fed from both ends

Example 3
For the distributor shown in figure below. Calculate the voltage at each load
point. The resistance of each outer is 0.05 Ω per 100 m, and that of neutral is
0.1 Ω per 100 m.

100 m A 300 m C 200 m

+ +

230 V 35 A 70 A 230 V

E G
P +- -
+ Q
B D
230 V 25 A 50 A 230 V
200 m 300 m 100 m
- -
F H
 Solution
Positive side:

230 V 230 V
0.05 Ω 0.15 Ω 0.1 Ω
A C
P+ + Q
35+x x 70-x
35 A 70 A
Let C is the point of minimum potential.
 D V PC = D V QC
\    (35 + x )´ 0.05 + 0.15x  =   (70 - x )´ 0.1 \    x  =   17.5    A
Hence, C is the point of minimum potential.
230 V 230 V
0.05 Ω 0.15 Ω 0.1 Ω
A C
P+ + Q
52.5 A 17.5 A 52.5 A
35 A 70 A
 Solution
Negative side:

230 V 25 A 50 A 230 V
75-x 50-x x
P Q
- 0.1 Ω F 0.15 Ω H 0.05 Ω -

Let H is the point of minimum potential.

 D V PH = D V QH
\    (75 - x )´ 0.1 + (50 - x )´ 0.15  =   0.05x \    x  =   50    A

230 V 25A 50A 230 V

25 A 0A 50 A
P Q
- 0.1 Ω F 0.15 Ω H 0.05 Ω -
 Solution
0.05 Ω A 0.15 Ω C 0.1 Ω
+ +
52.5 A 17.5 A 52.5 A
230 V 35 A 70 A 230 V
0.1 Ω 0.1Ω E 0.2 Ω 0.1 Ω G 0.1 Ω
- -
P + + Q
27.5 A B 7.5 A 17.5 A
D 52.5 A 2.5 A
230 V 25 A 50 A 230 V
0.1 Ω 0.15 Ω 0.05 Ω
- -
25 A F 0A H 50 A

V  AB = 230 - (52.5´ 0.05 + 27.5´ 0.1) = 224.63    V 

V  CD = 230 - (52.5´ 0.1+ 52.5´ 0.1 + 2.5´ 0.1) = 219.25    V 

V  EF = 230 - (7.5´ 0.1 + 25´ 0.1- 27.5´ 0.1) = 229.5    V 

V  GH = 230 - (50 ´ 0.05 - 2.5´ 0.1) = 227.75     V