Electrical Power Systems

Dr. Mohamed Taha Mouwafi

Lecture: 6
 Single ring distributor
I1

x B x- I1
If DV1 DV 2
Vf
A C I2

DV 5 DV 3
x- (I1 +I2+I3 +I4) x- (I1 +I2)
E DV 4 D
I3
I4 x- (I1 +I2+I3)

å DV = 0
DV1 + DV 2 + DV 3 + DV 4 + DV 5 = 0
i f = å Load   currents = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4
 Example 1
A 2-wire DC ring main is fed at point A and at points B, C and D load is tapped
off as shown below. Calculate the potential at these point.
40 A

0.02 Ω B 0.017 Ω

400 V A C 150 A

D 0.03 Ω
0.015 Ω

200 A
Solution
Let C is the point of minimum potential.
400 V 400 V
0.02 Ω B 0.017 Ω C 0.03 Ω D 0.015 Ω
A A
x+40 x 150-x 350-x
40 150 200
 Solution
(x + 40)´ 0.02 + 0.017x = (150 - x )´ 0.03 + (350 - x )´ 0.015
\     x   =   109.14   A    <   150  A Hence, C is the point of minimum potential.

400 V 400 V
0.02 Ω B 0.017 Ω C 0.03 Ω D 0.015 Ω
A A
149.14 109.14 40.86 240.86
40 150 200
V B =  V  A - D V A B
= 400 - 0 .02 ´ 149 .14 = 397 .017    V 
V C =  V  B - D V B C
= 397 .017  - 0 .017 ´ 109 .14 = 395 .161   V 
V D =  V  A - D V A D
= 400  - 0 .015 ´ 240 .86 = 396 .387    V 
 Example 2
A ring distributor is supplied through the feeder AB loaded as shown below.
Calculate (a) the cross-section area of feeder AB and (b) that of distribution
for minimum volume of copper.
Assume that the maximum voltage drop from A to the point of minimum
potential is 15 volts. Take ρ = 1.73 μ Ω per cm cube.

20 A

100 m C 100 m

A B D 80 A
500 m

250 m 150 m
E

100 A
 Solution
20 A
100 m
100 m
C
x x-20
500 m
A B D 80 A
200 A
x-200 x-100
E 150 m
250 m

100 A

D V BCDEB = 0
100xr + 100´ (x - 20) + 150´ (x - 100) + 250´ (x - 200) = 0

\     x   =   111.67   A   

 Solution
20 A
100 m
100 m
C
111.67 91.67
500 m
A B D 80 A
200 A
88.33 11.67
250 m E 150 m

100 A
Hence, E is the point of minimum potential.
Let AF and AD be the cross-sectional area of the feeder and distributor,
respectively.
1.73´ 10- 6 ´ 250´ 2´ 100 0.0865
rBE   =     =     W       for b
  oth  go  and   return 
AD AD
 Solution
1.73´ 10- 6 ´ 500´ 2´ 100 0.173
rAB   =     =     W       for b
  oth  go  and   return 
AF AF

Maximum   D V  =   drop  in   f eeder + drop  in  distributor  

 =  V  F  + V  D   = 15    V 

200 ´ 0 .173 88 .33 ´ 0 .0865

 =     +     
AF AD
  f    c opper  u  sed    in  f eeder  =  2  A F l F  
V olum e  o

= 2´   AF ´ 500´ 100 cm 3  

500 ´ 200 ´ 200 ´ 0 .173

= cm 3  
VF
 Solution
V olum e    o f   copper  u  sed    i n  d istributor  =  2  A D l D  

= 2 ´   A D ´ 600 ´ 100 cm 3  

600 ´ 200 ´ 88 .33 ´ 0 .0865

= cm 3  
VD
\  T  otal  V  olume  of  copper   = V  olume  of  f eeder + V  olume   o f  d istributor

500´ 200´ 200´ 0.173 600 ´ 200 ´ 88.33´ 0.0865

\ Vol = + cm 3  
VF VD
3 . 46 ´ 10 6 0 . 915 ´ 10 6
= + cm 3  
15 - V D VD
 Solution
d V ol
For volume of copper to be minimum = 0 
dV D

\ 0 . 735 V D2 + 7 . 95 V D - 59 .65 = 0  

\ V D = 5 .1 V  
88 . 33 ´ 0 . 0865 \ A D = 1 .5 cm 2  
= 
AD

Q V F = 15 - V D

= 15 - 5 . 1 = 9 . 9 V
2 0 0 ´ 0 .1 7 3 \ A F = 3 .5 cm 2  
 =       
AF
 Double ring distributor
I1

i B i- I1
If
Vf A
Int C I2
erc
o nn
e ct
(i+x)- (I1 +I2+I3 +I4) or i- (I1 +I2)
x
E
D I3
I4 (i+x)- (I1 +I2+I3)
DV ABCDA = 0
D V A DEA = 0
i f = å Load   currents = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4
 Example 3
A 2-wire DC distributor ABCDEFA is in the form of a ring main and is fed at the
point A and is loaded as follows:
20 A at B, 50 A at C, 25 A at D, 40 A at E and 30 A at F. The resistance of the
sections (go and return) are: AB = 0.08 Ω, BC = 0.1 Ω, CD = 0.1 Ω, DE = 0.14 Ω,
EF = 0.09 Ω and FA = 0.16 Ω. Find the load point at which the p.d. is
minimum.
If an interconnector having a resistance of 0.1 Ω be connected between the
feeding A and D. Find the maximum voltage drop in the system at the point at
which it now occurs.
 Solution
30 A 40 A
F 0.09 Ω E
x-135 0.14 Ω
0.16 Ω
x-165 x-95
A D
25 A
x x-70
0.08 Ω 0.12 Ω
x-20
B 0.1 Ω C
20 A 50 A

D V A BCDEFA = 0
0 . 0 8 x + 0 . 1 ´ (x - 2 0 ) + 0 . 1 2 ´ (x - 7 0 ) + 0 . 1 4 ´ (x - 9 5 )
+ 0 . 0 9 ´ ( x - 1 3 5 ) + 0 . 1 6 ´ (x - 1 6 5 ) = 0

\     x   =   90.2   A  

 Solution
30 A 40 A
F 0.09 Ω E
44.8 0.14 Ω
0.16 Ω
74.8 4.8
A D
25 A
90.2 20.2
0.08 Ω 0.12 Ω
70.2
B 0.1 Ω C
20 A 50 A

Hence, D is the point of minimum potential.

 Solution
Now, let the points A and D be interconnected together as shown below:
30 A 40 A
F x-30 E
0.09 Ω x-70
x
0.16 Ω 0.14 Ω
A y D
0.1 Ω 25 A
0.08 Ω 0.12 Ω
(x+y)- 165 (x+y)-95
0.1 Ω
B (x+y)- 145 C
20 A 50 A

Take closed loop ABCDA

0.1y + 0.12´ (x + y - 95) + 0.1´ (x + y - 145) + 0.08´ (x + y - 165) = 0

\ y = 9 7 .7 5 - 0 .7 5 x ... (1 )
 Solution
Take closed loop AFEDA

0.16 x + 0.09 ´ (x - 30 ) + 0.14 ´ (x - 70 )- 0.1y = 0

\ y = 3 .9 x - 1 2 5 ... (2 )

From equations (1) and (2), we get:

x = 48 A and y = 61 .75 A

Hence, E is the point of minimum potential.

\ Maximum voltage drop = D V A F + D V FE

= 0.16 x + 0.09 ´ (x - 30 )
= 0.16 ´ 48 + 0.09 ´ (48 - 30 )
= 9.3 V