MULTIPL PRESENTED BY:

🠶NAJEEBULLAH
ACCESS
E 🠶 SHAISTA AMIR
🠶MUHAMMAD FAROOQ

TECHNIQUE 🠶 MOBIN

S
BACKGROUND
🠶 Multiple Access techniques are used to allow many
mobile users to share simultaneously a finite amount of
radio spectrum.
🠶 The sharing of spectrum is required to achieve high
capacity by simultaneously allocating the available
bandwidth (or the available amount of channels) to multiple
users.
🠶 There are five basic access or multiple access
methods: frequency division multiple access (FDMA),
time division multiple access (TDMA), code division
multiple access (CDMA), orthogonal frequency division
multiple access (OFDMA), and spatial division multiple
access (SDMA).
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MULTIPLE ACCESS
AND MULTIPLEXING

MULTIPLE ACCESS MULTIPLEXING

It is a technique that permit It is process to combine
many users to simultaneously multiple signals for transmit it
access a given frequency over a single channel or media.
allocation.
FREQUENCY
DIVISION
MULTIPLE
ACCESS
(FDMA)
INTRODUCTION

🠶 FDMA is the division of the frequency bands allocated

for wireless cellular telephone communication into
channels.
🠶 Each channel can be assigned to only one user at a
time
🠶 All users transmit and receive at different frequencies
because every user receives an individual frequency slot.
HOW IT WORKS?

🠶 FDMA allows multiple users to send data through

a single communication channel, such as a coaxial
cable or microwave beam, by dividing the bandwidth of the
channel into separate non overlapping frequency sub
channels.
🠶 Then allocating each sub channel to a separate user.
🠶 Users can send data through a sub channel by
modulating it on a carrier wave at the sub channel's
frequency.
HOW IT WORKS

🠶 FDMA is implemented at the media access control

(MAC) layer of the data-link layer in the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference model for networking
protocol stacks.
🠶 In FDMA, the user is assigned a specific frequency band
in the electromagnetic spectrum, and during a call that
user is the only one who has the right to access the
specific band. In the AMPS cellular phone system, these
frequency bands are allocated from the electromagnetic
spectrum as follows:
CONT.
.

In FDMA method, guard bands are used between the adjacent

frequency slots to minimize crosstalk between the channels. A
specific frequency band is given to one person, and it will
received by identifying each of the frequency on the receiving
end. It is often used in the first generation of analog mobile
phone.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FDMA AND
FDM
🠶 FDMA is also different from Frequency-division multiplexing
(FDM).
🠶 FDM refers to a physical layer method that blends and
transmits low-bandwidth channels via a high-bandwidth
channel.
🠶 FDMA, in contrast, is a channel access technique in the
data link layer.
USES OF FDMA:

🠶 FDMA is used in the Total Access Communication

System (TACS).
🠶 It is used in satellite communication
systems and telephone lines.
🠶 The Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-
AMPS) also uses FDMA but adds time division multiple
access(TDMA)
ADVANTAGES OF FDMA

🠶 Due to the frequency filtering, FDMA is not sensitive

to near- far problem.
🠶 Many of the problems experienced in TDMA due to
different propagation delays are eliminated in FDMA as
there is no need for network timing
🠶 Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small and
the traffic is uniformly constant
🠶 No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type
of modulation
DISADVANTAGES OF FDMA

🠶 One disadvantage of FDMA is crosstalk, which can

cause interference between frequencies and interrupt the
transmission.
🠶 Between the different used frequency channels is a
small amount of bandwidth not used.
🠶 The maximum flow rate per channel is fixed and small.
🠶 Relatively expensive and complicated band pass
filters required
EXAMPLES

CABLE TELEVISION SYSTEM

🠶 The best example of this is the cable television system.
The medium is a single coax cable that is used to
broadcast hundreds of channels of video/audio
programming to homes.
🠶 The coax cable has a useful bandwidth from about 4
MHz to 1 GHz. This bandwidth is divided up into 6-MHz
wide channels.
EXAMPLES

ANALOG TELEPHONE SYSTEM

🠶 One of the older FDMA systems is the original analog
telephone system, which used a hierarchy of
frequency multiplex techniques to put multiple
telephone calls on single line.
TIME
DIVISION
MULTIPLE
ACCESS
(TDMA)
WHAT IS TDMA TECHNOLOGY?

🠶 Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) is a digital

cellular telephone communication technology.
🠶 It facilitates many users to share the same frequency
without interference.
🠶 It’s technology divides a signal into different time slots.
🠶 Hence increase the data carrying capacity.
HOW IT WORKS?

🠶 TDMA takes a cellular communication

channel(frequency band) and slices it in to a series of
time segments.
🠶 Each cellular user is assigned the time slices with a
given number.
🠶 Each user transmit information only for the duration of
their time segments using TDMA scheme.
🠶 By Small time segments and High slicing frequency user
Perceives a continuous Communication channel.
FEATURES OF FDMA

🠶 Shares a single channel by several users

🠶 High synchronization overhead is required
🠶 Data transmission is not continuous
🠶 Possible to allocate different number of slots to a user
FDMA VS
TDMA
FDMA TDMA
Entire band of frequencies It’s entire bandwidth is shared
is divided into multiple among different subscribers at
RF channels/carriers. fixed predetermined or
Each carrier allocated dynamically assigned time
to different users. intervals.
CDMA VS
TDMA CDMA
Entire bandwidth is being
used by users all the time.
Each have their unique
code to recover data.
TDMA
It’s entire bandwidth is shared
among different subscribers at
fixed predetermined or
dynamically assigned time
intervals.
ADVANTAGES

🠶 Carry data rates from 64 kbps to 120 Mbps

🠶 More number of users can use same spectrum.
🠶 Operational costs are lower than traditional FDMA.
🠶 Different types of traffics easily achieved by allocation
of different time slots.
🠶 Resources utilized effectively as per need basis and
battery life enhanced.
DISADVANTAGE
S
🠶 Network and spectrum planning require more efforts.
🠶 Multipath interference affects call quality.
🠶 Switching from onebase station cell to the other cell
results into dropped calls.
CODE
DIVISION
MULTIPLE
ACCESS
(CDMA)
ROAD MAP

🠶 What is CDMA technology?

🠶 Advantages and Disadvantages
🠶 Working of CDMA
🠶 Steps in CDMA modulation
🠶 Code-division multiplexing (Asynchronous CDMA)
🠶 Code-division multiplexing (synchronous CDMA)
🠶 Applications of CDMA technology
WHAT IS CDMA TECHNOLOGY?

🠶 Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access

method used by various radio communication technologies.

🠶 CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several

transmitters can send information simultaneously over a
single communication channel.

🠶 This allows several users to share a band of frequencies.

CONT…
ADVANTAGE
S
🠶 Improvement in capacity and security

🠶 Improvement in hand over/ hand off

🠶 Use of Wide Bandwidth

🠶 It has more number of users can share the same bandwidth.

🠶 It is well-matched with other cellular technologies.

DISADVANTAGE
S

🠶 The system is more complicated.

🠶 Guard band and guard time both are required to be

provided.

🠶 As the number of users increases, the overall quality

of services decrease
WORKING OF CDMA
🠶 Code Division Multiple Access is entirely a different approach
from the Time Division Multiple Access. CDMA, after digitizing
the data, spreads out the data over the entire available
bandwidth. Multiple calls are overlapped to each other on a
channel which is assigned with a unique sequence code.
CDMA is a form of Spread-Spectrum technique, which
means data can be sent in small pieces over a number of
frequencies available to use at any time in the specified
range.
CONT…

🠶 Below diagram show that there is only one channel which is accessing by four
stations (i.e. mobile) at the same time.
🠶 Each channel has it’s own Code (i.e C1) and each channel wants to transmit data (i.e.
D1=0=-1).
🠶 Code will be assigned if it satisfies following to properties.

🠶 P r o p e r t y 1 : P ci k an y t w o s at t oi n s’
re s u lt a n t a n d s u m u p t h e r e s u lta n t
property.
c od e u p a n d u itl p yl ht em y o u w li l g e t a
🠶if t i.e.
h e C1
it bx eC2c =ome
0, s(1111)(1-111-1)
t o ze ro ‘0’, i =
t w il s a t is fy first
(1-11-1)=0.

🠶 P ro p e rt y 2 : P i c k a n y s ta t io n ’s c o d e u p a n d m u lti p
an w
s e r a s e q u a l t o t o at l n u m b e r o f s t at oi n s, ti w i l
l y i t w ith o w n s e lf if yo u g e t t he
s a t si yf pr o pe r t y w
t o a s w el.
CONT…

🠶 The next step is to multiply each Station’s code with it’s own data (i.e C1xD1) you will
get a resultant and sum up the resultants of all stations you will get a Channel
code (i.e. 0 -4 0 0)
CONT…

🠶 Once you have done with above steps at the Transmitter side the next step is to
decode the data at receiver side.
🠶 At the reciver side you will have to multiply the channel code with Spreading code
you will get a resultant
🠶 The next step is to sum up the resultant and divide the answer with total no. of
stations you will get the actual data as shown in figure.
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES

🠶 Types of SpreadSpectrum Commun

co
a
iin
ts:There are two types
of spread spectrum communications:

i. Frequency Hopping

ii. Direct Sequence

FREQUENCY HOPPING

🠶 Frequency hoppnig is easiest of all the spread spectrum

the modulation

🠶 technique
The ideatobehind
use. frequency hopping is to transmit data across a

broad spectrum; the frequency can be rapidly switched from one to

another.

🠶 The transmitter and receiver are synchronized every time, and an

accurate clocking system, and pseudo generating system make this
frequency hopping very simple.
Cont
…
🠶 Following diagram shows that frequency is changing after each interval of time
🠶 So that, It would be difficult for any third party to know about which frequency is being
used
CONT.
.

🠶 FHSS can be done by using two techniques

🠶 Slow-FHSS: Here one frequency hop transmits several number of Symbols (data).

🠶 Fast-FHSS: Here one frequency hop will transmit only one symbol.
DIRECT SEQUENCE
🠶 Direct sequence is the most famous spread spectrum
technique in which the data signal is multiplied by a Pseudo-
random noise code.

🠶 A PN code is a sequence of chips which is given values as -1

and 1 where -1 indicates 0.

🠶 The data encodes at the transmitter side and decodes at

receiver side by using the same Spreading code.
HOW DSSS WORKS?
🠶 In the following diagram we have data (1 -1 1) and Spreading code (100001) and we
also know that 0 = -1 so that spreading code becomes (1-1-1-1-11).
🠶 The next step is to encode the data by multiplying each bit of the data with entire
spreading code
CONT…

🠶 At the receiver side to decode the data you will just have to multiply the encoded
data (as shown in diagram) with spreading code.
🠶 After multiplying you will get actual data.
APPLICATIONS OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY

🠶 It is used in military and some commercial application.

🠶 It is used in mobile communication.

🠶 It is used in Radar and navigation systems.

🠶 CDMA is considered as the highest mode of wireless

communications and is responsible for fast and safe mode of
data exchange such as 3G.
REFERENCES
🠶 https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/FDMA
🠶 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/fdma_technology.htm
🠶
http://www.thenetworkencyclopedia.com/entry/frequency-
division-multiple-access-fdma/
🠶 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-
division_multiple_access
🠶 https://www
.electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals
-communications-access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-
and-sdma
🠶 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5669/frequency-division-
multiple-access-fdma
🠶 https://www.slideshare.net/milesgalario/frequency