EE-3111

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

SYSTEMS

INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. NEELAM MUGHEES
Lecture Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to:

 Solve and analyze the series R-L circuits

 Explain and calculate the power factor and power triangle
 A.C. Through Resistance and Inductance

 Let V = r.m.s. value of the applied voltage, I = r.m.s. value of

the resultant current.
 VR = IR − voltage drop across R (in phase with I), VL = I .
XL –voltage drop across coil (ahead of I by 90°)
 Vector OA represents ohmic drop VR and AB represents
inductive drop VL. The applied voltage V is the vector sum
of the two i.e OB.

 And, Z2 = R2 + XL2. i.e. (Impedance)2 = (resistance)2 +

(reactance)2
 A.C. Through Resistance and Inductance

 Current I lags behind the applied voltage V by an angle φ.

 Hence, if applied voltage is given by ν = Vm sin ω t, then current equation is i =
Im sin (ω t − φ) where Im = Vm / Z.
 The mean power consumed by the circuit is given by the product of V and that
component of the current I which is in phase with V.
P = V × I cos φ = r.m.s. voltage × r.m.s. current × cos φ
 Remember that in an a.c. circuit, the product of r.m.s. volts and r.m.s. amperes
gives voltamperes (VA) and not true power in watts. True power (W) = volt-
amperes (VA) × power factor.
Watts = VA × cos φ*
 A.C. Through Resistance and Inductance

 It should be noted that power consumed is due to ohmic resistance only because pure inductance does not
consume any power.
P = V × I cos φ
 Impedance in Series R-L Circuit

 Symbolic Notation. Z = R + jXL

 Impedance vector has numerical value of (R^2 + XL^2) .
 Its phase angle with the reference axis is φ = tan−1 (XL/R)
 It may also be expressed in the polar form as Z = Z ∠ φ°
 (i) Assuming V = V ∠ 0°; I = V/Z = V ∠ 0°/ Z= Ζ ∠φ° = V/Z ∠ − φ°
It shows that current vector is lagging behind the voltage vector by φ°. The
numerical value of current is V/Z.
 Ii) Assuming I = I ∠ 0, then V = IZ = I ∠ 0° × Z ∠ φ° = IZ ∠ φ°
It shows that voltage vector is φ° ahead of current vector
Power Factor

 It may be defined as
 (i) cosine of the angle of lead or lag
 (ii) the ratio of resistance/impedance = R/Z
 (iii) the ratio true power/ apparent power = watts/ volt - amperes
= W/VA
 Active and Reactive Components of Circuit
Current I
 Active component is that which is in phase with the applied voltage V i.e. I cos φ. It is also
known as ‘wattful’ component.
 Reactive component is that which in quadrature with V i.e. I sin φ. It is also known as ‘wattless’
or ‘idle’ component.
 It should be noted that the product of volts and amperes in an a.c. circuit gives voltamperes
(VA). Out of this, the actual power is VA cos φ = W and reactive power is VA sin φ. Expressing
the values in kVA, we find that it has two rectangular components :
 (i) active component which is obtained by multiplying kVA by cos φ and this gives power in kW.
 Ii) the reactive component known as reactive kVA and is obtained by multiplying kVA by sin φ. It is
written as kVAR (kilovar).
 Power Triangle

 The three powers drawn by a series R-L circuit are as under :

 (i) apparent power (S)
It is given by the product of r.m.s. values of applied voltage and circuit current.
∴ S = VI = (IZ) . I = I^2 Z volt-amperes (VA)
 (ii) active power (P or W)
It is the power which is actually dissipated in the circuit resistance.
P = I^2R = VI cos φ watts
 (iii) reactive power (Q)
It is the power developed in the inductive reactance of the circuit.
Q = I^2XL = I^2 . Z sin φ = I . (IZ). sin φ = VI sin φ volt-amperes-reactive (VAR)
 In the power triangle, it can be seen that S^2 = P^2 + Q^2
Example
Example 13.1
Example 13.8.
Any Questions?