EE-3111

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

SYSTEMS

INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. NEELAM MUGHEES
Lecture Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to:

 Solve and analyze the series R-C, and R-L-C circuits

 Understand the basics of polyphase power systems and their interconnection
 A.C. Through Resistance and Capacitance

 Here VR = IR = drop across R in phase with I.

VC = IXC = drop across capacitor –lagging I by π/2

 It is found that I leads V by angle φ such that

tan φ = − XC/R. Hence, it means that if the equation of the
applied alternating voltage is v = Vm sin ωt, then the equation
of the resultant current in the R-C circuit is i = Im sin (ωt + φ).
Example 13.2
 Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in
Series
 Let VR = IR = voltage drop across R —in phase with I
VL = I.XL = voltage drop across L —leading I by π/2
VC = I.XC = voltage drop across C —lagging I by π/2
 OA represents VR, AB and AC represent the inductive and capacitive drops
respectively. VL and VC are 180° out of phase with each other. Subtracting
BD (= AC) from AB, we get the net reactive drop AD = I (XL − XC )
 Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in
Series
 Phase angle φ is given by tan φ = (XL − XC)/R = X/R = net reactance/resistance
 Power factor is

 If the equation of the applied voltage is v = Vm sin ωt, then equation of the resulting
current in an R-L-C circuit is given by i = Im sin (ω t ± φ)
 The + ve sign is to be used when current leads i.e. XC > XL. The − ve sign is to be
used when current lags i.e. when XL > XC.
 Using symbolic notation, we have Z = R + j (XL − XC)
Summary of Results of Series AC Circuits
Example 13.43
 Polyphase Power Supply Basics

 The word ‘polyphase’ means poly (i.e. many or numerous) and phases (i.e. winding
or circuit).
 Polyphase System is a combination of two or more than two voltages having same
magnitude and frequency but displaced from each other by an equal electrical
angle.
 In general (except for 2-phase), the electrical displacement between different phases
is 360/n where n is the number of phases or windings.
 Three-phase systems are the most common, and their voltage phase angle is 120°.
They are preferred because (i) it is more efficient (ii) it uses less material for a given
capacity and (iii) it costs less than single-phase apparatus.
ea = Em sinωt
eb = Em sin(ωt −120°)
ec = Em sin(ωt − 240°)
 Interconnection of Three Phases

 If the three armature coils of the 3-phase alternator

are not interconnected but are kept separate, then
each phase would need two conductors. It means
that each transmission cable would contain six
conductors which will make the whole system
complicated and expensive.
 So, we connect them in Star or Wye (Y)
connection or Mesh or Delta ( Δ ) connection.
 Star or Wye (Y) connection

 In this method of interconnection, the similar ends say, ‘star’ ends of three coils (it could
be ‘finishing’ ends also) are joined together at point N.
 The point N is known as star point or neutral point. The three conductors meeting at point
N are replaced by a single conductor known as neutral conductor.
 It is known as four-wire, 3-phase system.
 The p.d. between any terminal (or line) and neutral (or star) point gives the phase or star
voltage. But the p.d. between any two lines gives the line-to-line voltage or simply line
voltage
 Delta ( Δ ) connection.

 In this form, of interconnection the dissimilar ends of the three phase winding are joined
together i.e. the ‘starting’ end of one phase is joined to the ‘finishing’ end of the other
phase and so on.
 Three leads are taken out from the three junctions as shown as outward directions are
taken as positive.
 This type of connection is also referred to as 3-phase, 3-wire system.
PPT TOPICS

 Polymer Electronics (Group 1) Friday

 Polymers for Electrical and Electronic Components (Group 5)
 Polymer Solar Cells (Group 3)
 Conductive polymer composites (Group 2)
 Polymer organic light-emitting diodes (Group 7) Thursday
 Liquid Crystal Polymers (Group 8)
 Polymer-based batteries (Group 6)
 Inherently conductive polymers (Group 4)
Any Questions?