EE-3111

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

SYSTEMS

INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. NEELAM MUGHEES
Lecture Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to:

 Understand Power and Signal Cables

 Understand Batteries, Battery Chargers, and Inverters
 Understand UPS
 The Need for Power Cables

 Electric power can be transmitted or distributed

either by overhead transmission systems or by
underground cables.

 Cables are mainly designed as per requirement.

Power cables are mainly used for power
transmission and distribution purposes
 What are Power Cables

 It is an assembly of one or more individually

insulated electrical conductors, usually held together
with an overall sheath.
 Electrical power cables may be installed as permanent
wiring within buildings, buried in the ground and run
overhead or exposed.
 Flexible power cables are used for portable devices,
mobile tools, and machinery. For mining, extra
mechanical strength is given to cable with double
armoring.
 The underground cables have several advantages such
as less liable to damage through storms, lightning, low
maintenance cost, a lower chance of faults, a smaller
Design of Power Cables

 These are designed and manufactured as per voltage, current to be carried,

operating maximum temperature and purpose of applications desired by the
customer.
 The safe current carrying capacity of an underground cable is determined by
the maximum permissible temperature rise.
 The allowable maximum voltage drops from source to load depends on choice
of material (Cu or Al) and wire size (Large diameter or small).
 The conductor size necessary for an installation is dictated by its ability to
carry short-circuit current rather than sustained current. During a short-
circuit, there is a sudden inrush of current for a few cycles.
Construction of Power Cables
 What are Signal Cables

 A metal wire or optical fiber that is used to transfer data.

The signal cable is shielded to prevent external signal
interference.
 Contrast with the "power cable," which provides electricity
to the unit. Signal cables are low power and current rated
wires whereas power cable are high current rated and
power.
 Signal cables are used in test and measurement applications.
 Batteries and Their Working

 A connected group of (one or more) electrochemical cells that store electric charges
and generate direct current (DC) through the conversion of chemical energy into
electrical energy.
 They have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the electrolyte.
 The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build up of electrons at the anode.
Electrons repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons (cathode).
But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the
cathode within the battery.
 When the circuit is closed (a wire connects the cathode and the anode) the electrons
will be able to get to the cathode. These electrochemical processes change the
chemicals in anode and cathode to make them stop supplying electrons. So, we
recharge them.
 Industrial Batteries

 Industrial Batteries are used to imply that the battery is

designed to withstand heavy use and more vibration
and possible temperature extremes.
 Industrial batteries are commonly bulkier than those
used in consumer products but achieve a longer service
life.
 The “industrial battery” is fit into industrial devices,
such as a forklift, vehicle and an electric drill, etc.
 Battery Chargers

 A battery charger, or recharger, is a device used to put energy into a secondary

cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it.
 Charging a battery essentially involves reversing the chemical reactions that
take place when it discharges. In a laptop battery, for example, charging and
discharging involve shunting lithium ions (+ve) back and forth, from one
electrode (where there are many of them) to another electrode (where there are
few).
 The cheapest, crudest chargers use either a constant voltage or constant current
and apply that to the batteries until you switch them off.
 Better chargers use a much lower, gentler "trickle" charge (maybe 3–5 percent
of the battery's maximum rated current) for a much longer period of time.
 Battery Chargers

 Overcharging is generally worse than undercharging. If batteries are

fully charged and you don't switch off the charger, they'll have to get
rid of the extra energy you're feeding in to them.
 They do that by heating up and building up pressure inside, which can
make them rupture, leak chemicals or gas, and even explode.
 Timer chargers switch themselves off after a set period, though that
doesn't necessarily prevent overcharging or undercharging because the
ideal charging time varies according to charge left, how hot it is, how
old it is, and cells conditions.
 The best chargers work intelligently, using microchip-based electronic
circuits
 The Need for Inverters

 Direct current is very useful, but batteries can

generally only provide relatively low-voltage DC
power. Many devices designed to run on the 120/240-
volt AC need more power to function properly than
DC can provide.
 AC power works well at high voltages, and can be
"stepped up" in voltage by a transformer more easily
than direct current can.
 You can't use straight direct current without the AC to
DC inverter because the device's power supply needs
the AC power in order to properly step down and
regulate the voltage.
 Inverter

 An Inverter is an electronic device capable of transforming a DC (DC) current into an alternating current (AC) at a given
voltage and frequency.
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

 An Uninterruptible Power Supply is a device

that is used to keep computers and equipment
safe when there is a loss, or a significant
reduction, in the primary power source.
 To achieve this, the UPS houses several
batteries that take over when it detects a loss or
reduction in available power.
 Once this is detected, the control is transferred
over to the batteries, and via an inverter, the
batteries DC voltage is converted into AC for
the devices.
Standard Parts of UPS
Advanced UPS

Advanced UPSs can regulate the voltage to prevent damage to equipment

in case of a brown-out or a power surge.
Any Questions?