Lecture 5

STATE SPACE REPRESENTATION

IDL 1
 Objective
• Students should be able to:
- Find a mathematical model, called a state-space
representation, for a linear, time-invariant system
- Convert between transfer function and state-
space models
 5.1 THE GENERAL STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION

• A system is represented in state space by

the following equations:
As an example, for a linear, invariant, 2nd order with single input, v(t)
the state equation could be the following:
x1 and x2 are the state variables.

If there is a single input, the output equation could take

on the following term:
 CONVERTING A TRANSFER FUNCTION TO STATE
SPACE
• One advantage of the state-space representation is that it can
be used for the simulation of physical systems on the digital
system.
• Thus, if we want to simulate a system that is represented by a
transfer function, we must first convert the transfer function
representation to state space.
And differentiating both side yields
SUMMARY
Solutions:
Separate the system into two cascaded
blocks, as shown in Figure 5.4 (b). The
first block contains the denominator, and
the second block contains the numerator.
Find the state equations for the block
containing the denominator. The state
equation is same with Ex 5.3 except that
the system’s input matrix is 1. Hence the
state equation is :
We can produce an equivalent block diagram as shown in Figure 5.2 (c).