PERIODIC TABLE

NAME: HANI FAIHANAH BINTI MUHAMAD HALIM

MATRIX NUMBER: MS2017174626

CLASS: F3T13

LECTURER’S NAME: NORDINA BINTI ZAINUL ABIDIN

 INTRODUCTION
5 ELEMENTS :
GROUP 17 PERIOD 3

Bromine,Br Magnesium,Mg

Fluorine,F
Aluminium,Al

Chlorine,Cl
 Group 17

 The atomic radius will increasing as going down the group. This is because the number
of shells occupied with electrons increases down the group. Although, element that I
chose in group 17 have low melting and boiling points, the melting and boiling points
increase down the group. This is due to molecular size of the element in group 17
increasing down to group. The forces of attraction between element in group 17
molecules become stronger as we going down the group. More heat energy is needed to
overcome the stronger forces of attraction during melting and boiling point. Lastly,
although these elements have low densities but these elements density increases down
the group.
 Period 3

 Melting point Al due to increased metal cation charge (more protons), more delocalised
e−  per atom, smaller sized metal ions, hence stronger electrostatic attraction between cations
and delocalised e− therefore stronger metallic bonding.
 I choose element, Bromine(Br),Fluorine(F), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium(Al) , and
Chloride (Cl) from the periodic table

 Bromine (Br) and Fluorine (F) are from the same group which is Group 17

 Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium(Al) and Chloride (Cl) are from the same Period which
is Period 3

 I choose the elements because it is easy for me to do a comparison the trend down
the group or across the period.

Start!
 ELEMENT IN GROUP

Br F
Electronic configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵ 1s²2s²2p⁵
Group 17 17
Period 4 2
Atomic radius bigger Smaller
Ionic radius Higher Lower
Ionisation energy lower Higher
electronegativity lower Higher

 Element Br and F are in the same group because they have the same number of valence electrons.
 Element Br and F are in the same block because for group 13 to 18 is where the electronic configuration is ns²np¹ to ns²np ⁶.
Thus, both element are in the p-block.
 Similarities between Br and F is they are in the same group because they have the same number of valence electron which is 7
valence electrons.
 Differences between element Br and F is where atomic radius for element Br Is bigger compared to element F.This is because
element Br has greater distance between nucleus and outermost orbital so the atomic radius for element Br become bigger
compared to element F. Element F has lower distance between the nucleus and outermost orbital so the atomic radius for element
F will be smaller compared to element Br.
 ELEMENTS IN PERIOD

Mg Al
Electronic configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s² 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹
Group 2 13
period 3 3
Atomic radius Bigger Smaller
Ionic radius Higher Lower
Ionisation energy Lower Higher
Electronegativity lower higher

 Element Mg and Al have the same period because both element have the same principle quantum number, n of the electrons in
valence shell.
 Both element Mg and Al are not in the same block because element Mg is in s-block where s-block is for group 1 and 2.The
configuration of valence electron is ns¹ to ns². Element Al is in p-block where it is for group 13 to 18 is which the electronic
configuration is ns²np¹ to ns²np⁶.Thus, Mg is in s-block compared to Al is in p-block.
 Both element have similarities where they both have the same period where they have the same principle quantum number, n of the
electrons in valence shell which is period 3.
 Differences between element Mg and Al is where atomic radius for element Mg Is bigger compared to element Al. This is because
element Mg has greater distance between nucleus and outermost orbital so the atomic radius for element Mg become bigger
compared to element Al. Element Al has lower distance between the nucleus and outermost orbital so the atomic radius for element
Al will be smaller compared to element Mg.
ATOMIC RADIUS

F Cl Br

Electronic configuration 1s²2s²2p⁵ 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵ 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵

Group 17 17 17

Period 2 3 4

Effective nuclear +7 +7 +7
charge, zeff
 FACTOR EFFECT RADIUS

1 Effective nuclear charge, zeff

 The effective nuclear charge, Zeff is the positive charge felt by an electron

Zeff= Z – S

Z- number of proton
S- number of electron filled
at the inner shell
F= Z – S
Cl = Z – S Cl = Z – S
=9–2 As we going down the group,
= 35-28 = 17 – 10
=+7 the effective nuclear charge is
=+7 =+7
the same because ability to
attract electron is the same.
2 SCREENING EFFECT/ SHIELDING EFFECT

 Screening effect is caused by the mutual repulsion between the inner shell
electrons and the outer shell electrons

 Br : 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵
 Cl :1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵
 F :1s²2s²2p⁵

 Shielding effect of valence electron of Br > Cl > F

 Therefore, when principal quantum number, n increases , shielding effect also increasing.

 As an example, principal quantum number , n consecutively for element F, Cl , and Br are 2 ,3 and 4. As we can see, element F has
the weakest shielding effect, element Cl has the higher shielding effect than element F. Last but not least, element Br has the
greatest shielding effect than element F and Cl. Thus, shielding effect increase when principal quantum number, n increase.

 Next, attraction between nucleus and electron is weaker when proton number is increase. Element Br has the weakest attraction
between nucleus and electron compared to element F and Cl. Element F has the strongest attraction between nucleus and electron
due to electron is closer to the nucleus. Due to weaker attraction between nucleus and electron, the screening effect increases.
MY OWN ANALOGY

VOLCANO!!
WATCH OUT !

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D AD
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G EA
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 IONIC RADIUS

Mg = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s² VS Mg²+ = 1s²2s²2p⁶

 Mg atom released 2 electrons to form ion Mg²+.

 In Mg atom has more number of electron than ion Mg²+ that has less number of electron.
 Repulsion between electron in Mg²+ will decreasing.
 Attraction between nucleus – electron in Mg atom is weaker compared to attraction between nucleus –
electron in Mg²+ ion stronger.
 Thus, the size of Mg²+ will be smaller than Mg atom.
 IONIC RADIUS

Cl = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵ VS Cl- =1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶

 Cl atom received 1 electron to form ion Cl- ion.

 In Cl- ion has more number of electron than Cl atom that has less number of electron.
 Repulsion of electron in Cl- ion will increasing.
 Attraction between nucleus – electron in Cl- ion weaker compared to attraction between nucleus-electron
in Cl atom is stronger.
 Thus, the size of Cl- ion will be bigger than Cl atom.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN
Mg²+ AND Cl-

 Mg²+ ion remove 2 electrons to achieve stable octet compare to Cl- ion that attract one electron in order to achieve stable octet.
 Repulsion between electron in Mg²+ is decreasing compared to repulsion of electron in Cl- ion that will be increasing.
 The size of Mg²+ will be smaller compared to , the size of Cl- ion will be bigger .
 Ion Mg²+ that has less number of electron compared to Cl- ion has more number of electron .
 Attraction between nucleus – electron in Mg²+ ion is stronger compared to attraction between nucleus – electron in Cl- ion that is
weaker.

MY OWN ANALOGY
IONISATION ENERGY
 Explanation successive ionization energy trend
( anomalous cases of IE)

Magnesium, Mg & Aluminium,Al

 The first IE of Mg is greater than Al

 The electron in 3p orbital of Al is at higher energy level than 3s electron in Mg.
 Attraction of nucleus towards 3p electron in Al is stronger to remove a paired 3s electron in Mg.
 IE of Al is lower than Mg
 More energy is needed to remove electron from a full-filled 3s orbital in Mg which is more stable.
 So, Mg has higher first IE than Al

Mg (g) > Mg+ (g) + e- Al (g) > Al+ (g) + e-

1s²2s²2p⁶3s² >1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹ 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹ >1s²2s²2p⁶3s²

(Full-filled 3s orbital) (Partially-filled 3 orbital)

 Successive ionization energy trend of Mg

Mg = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²
 There are 3 energy level
in the element
Mg > Mg+ + e-
Mg+> Mg²+ + e-
Mg²+ > Mg3+ + e-

 To plot the graph to see the value successive

ionization energy trend must be counting from
backward.
Graph successive ionization
energy for element Mg

 The successive ionization energies increase smoothly as more electron are

removed.
 Suddenly jumps in the ionization energy reveal where electrons are being
removed from the next principle energy level such as between the 2 nd and
3rd and between 10th and 11th ionization energies.
 The electrons are being removed from innershell so it will be drastic
increase at 2nd until 3rd and 10th until 11th.
 The electrons are being removed from outershell at 3rd until 10th.

Determine block and

period for element Mg

 Mg has 2 valence electron

So element Mg is block-s and belong

to group 2 in the periodic table.
 MY OWN ANALOGY

The goal is for them to communicate and

develop number sense. They need to figure
out who comes after who only by asking the
person next to them. It’ll be fun!
 Electronegativity

 Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom

to attract electrons of covalent bond towards itself

Mg Al
Electronegativity 1s²2s²2p⁶3s² 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹

group 2 13
period 3 3
Ionisation energy (kj) 737.7 kj 577.5kj

 When proton number increase , the nuclear charge become more positive , the effective nuclear charge, zeff increases.
 Thus, atomic radius of Al is decreasing where atomic size become smaller. Atomic radius of Mg is increasing where
atomic size become bigger.
 Attraction between nucleus and outer electron become stronger for element Al compared to element Mg where the
attraction between nucleus and outer electron for element Mg is weaker.
 The Al atom has greater relative tendency to attract electron to itself.
 Thus, when across the period, the electronegativity increases.
 APPLICATION
(USES IN DAILY LIFE)
Bromine Magnesium

H
H
Chlorine

h
Aluminium
Fluorine

H H
 NEW IDEA

THEME : ATOMIC RADIUS

 There are 6 cars drifting around the pole. There are 2 cars
which closer to the pole than other 4 cars because only 2
cars can fit when drifting closer to the pole without crashing
into each other. This shows that, more number of cars, the
farther away the cars from the pole. As a result, the circle
those cars made from drifting around the pole is become
bigger.We can conclude here that, there are greater distance
between the nucleus and the outermost orbital.As the
number of proton is increasing, the atomic radius became
larger.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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