FINAL

PRESENTATION

NAME : SAIEED MARICHAMY

REG NO :- 20790039
WELDING
Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means
of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool.

Welding is usually used on metals and thermoplastics

TYPES OF WELDING
· Sub arc welding
· Mig welding (metal inert gas)
· Tig welding (tungsten inert gas)
Sub arc welding
Submerged arc welding is commonly used in industries where thick steel sheets are involved
or where long welds are required.

The process consists in creating a welded joint between steel components using an electric arc
submerged beneath a layer of powdered flux.

Submerged-arc welding (SAW) is a common arc welding process that involves the formation
of an arc between a continuously fed electrode and the work piece. A blanket of powdered flux
generates a protective gas shield and a slag which protects the weld zone.
ADVANTAGES
· Strong, sound welds are readily made.
· Minimal welding fume is emitted.
· Minimal arc light is emitted.
· SAW is suitable for both indoor and outdoor works.
· Less distortion.
· Deep weld penetration.
· Minimal edge preparation.
· High deposition rates are possible.
DISADVANTAGES
· It is limited to some ferrous metals like steel and
stainless steel.
· It is also limited to long straight seams or rotated
pipes and vessel.
· Backing strips are required for proper penetration.
· It is limited to high thickness materials.
APPLICATION
· Submerged arc welding is mainly used for
welding low carbon and low alloy steels, though
with the development of suitable fluxes.
· It can be used successfully for welding
stainless steels, copper, aluminum, and titanium base
alloys.
MIG WELDING
· Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding is an arc welding process that uses a continuous
solid wire electrode heated and fed into the weld pool from a welding gun.

· The gun feeds a shielding gas alongside the electrode helping protect the weld
pool from airborne contaminants.
 ADVANTAGES
· Higher Productivity. DISADVANTAGES
· Simple to Learn. · Higher initial setup cost.
· Simple and Great Welds. · Atmosphere surrounding the welding process has to
· Clean and Efficient. be stable (hence the shielding gasses), therefore this
· Versatile. process is limited to draught free conditions.
· Faster Welding Speed. · Higher maintenance costs due to extra
· Low Cost. electronic components.
· Limited Positions.

APPLICATION
· Used for most types of sheet metal welding.
· Fabrication of pressure vessels and steel structures.
PANEL
RELAY

It is automatic switching switch.

• It is a device that opens or closes the contacts to cause the operation of other electric
control.
 Function

The diagram sheds focus on the internal section of the relay in the circuit.
· There is an iron core delimited with the control coin.
· The power source connects with electromagnet through load contacts and a control
switch.
· When energy is supply to the circuit through the control coil, magnetic fields intensifies
given the commencement of energizing.
· This way, upper contact arms gets attracted by the lower fixed arm which closes the
contacts leading to the short circuit.
· However, if the relay was de-energized, an open circuit is created with the opposite
movement of the contact.
· Once the coil current goes off, a movable armature is force back to the initial position,
and the force is equal to half of the magnetic force and electric strength.
· The main reasons behind this force include gravity and spring.
· The relays perform two basic functions, such as high voltage application and low
voltage application.
• · In the case of high voltage, arcing is reduce while in the low voltage applications,
overall circuit noise is reduce to a minimum.
MODES OF RELAY
· No – normally open
· Nc – normally close

ADVANTAGES
· Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
· Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
· Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
· Relays can switch many contacts at once.

DISADVANTAGES
· Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.
· Relays cannot switch rapidly transistors can switch many times per second.
· Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

APPLICATION
· Relays are used for isolating a low voltage circuit from high voltage circuit.
· They are used for controlling multiple circuits.
· They are also used as automatic change over.
· Microprocessors use relays to control a heavy electrical load.
TRANSFORMER

· It is used for step up and step down the energy.

· It can be controlled by its windings.
PRINCIPAL
A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on Faraday's
principal of “mutual induction”, in which an EMF is induced in the transformers
secondary coil by the magnetic flux generated by the voltages and currents flowing
in the primary coil winding

WORKING
· The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between
two circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux.
· A basic transformer consists of two coils that are electrically separate and
inductive, but are magnetically linked through a path of reluctance.
· The electrical transformer has primary and secondary windings.
· The core laminations are joined in the form of strips in between the strips you can
see that there are some narrow gaps right through the cross-section of the core.
 These staggered joints are said to be ‘imbricated’. Both the coils have high mutual
inductance.
· A mutual electro-motive force is induced in the transformer from the alternating
flux that is set up in the laminated core, due to the coil that is connected to a source
of alternating voltage.
· Most of the alternating flux developed by this coil is linked with the other coil and
thus produces the mutual induced electro-motive force.
• · The so produced electro-motive force can be explained with the help of
Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
· Power transformer
· Distribution transformer
· Single phase transformer
· Three phase transformer
· Instrument traX voltage, etc.
POWER TRANSFORMER:
Transforming power from one circuit to another without changing frequency.

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER:
That provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power
distribution.

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

An electrical device that accepts single-phase AC power and outputs single-
phase Ac

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

The three-phase system is used to generate, transmit, and distribute electrical
power.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
A transformer that is used to measure electrical quantities like current,
voltage, etc.
 ADVANTAGES
· Its foremost advantage is controlling and stabilizing the voltage
transmission.
· It does not require any starting time.
· It is highly efficient with less capital investment and low maintenance.
· They provide isolation to the ground.
· There are no moving parts in Transformers

DISADVANTAGE
· Due to its material in the making of the iron core, there is wastage in the
current flow.
· It gives out lot of heat which requires cooling.
· This creates a break in the flow of the current.
SWITCH MODE POWER
SUPPLY (SMPS)
· It is the switch mode power
supply.
· It transfer power from a source
to load.
· Voltage regulation is achieved
by varying the ratio of on to off
time.
WORKING
Input Stage
· The AC input supply signal 50 Hz is given directly to the rectifier and filter circuit combination without using
any transformer.
· This output will have many variations and the capacitance value of the capacitor should be higher to handle the
input fluctuations.
· This unregulated dc is given to the central switching section of SMPS

Switching Section
· A fast switching device such as a Power transistor or a MOSFET is employed in this section, which switches
ON and OFF according to the variations and this output is given to the primary of the transformer present in this
section.
· The transformer used here are much smaller and lighter ones unlike the ones used for 60 Hz supply. These are
much efficient and hence the power conversion ratio is higher.

Output Stage
SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)
· It is the switch mode power supply.
· It transfer power from a source to load.
· Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on to off time.
· The output signal from the switching section is again rectified and filtered, to get the required DC voltage.
· This is a regulated output voltage which is then given to the control circuit, which is a feedback circuit.
· The final output is obtained after considering the feedback signal.
ADVANTAGES
· The efficiency is as high as 80 to 90% less heat generation.
· Less power wastage.
· Reduced harmonic feedback into the supply mains.
· The device is compact and small in size.
· It has wide output range.
· It has light weight.
· Higher efficiency.
APPLICATION
· It is used in machine tool industries.
DISADVANTAGES · The SMPS is used in security system.
· The switch mode power supply (SMPS) is more complex.
· It is used in railway system.
· The SMPS has higher output ripple and its regulation is worse.
· It is also used in mobile.
· It can be used only as a step down regulator.
· It is used in battery charger.
· It has only one output voltage.
· The SMPS is used in vehicles.
· It has high frequency electrical noise.
· It is also used in lighting.
· SMPS also cause harmonic distortion.
 PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
FRL UNIT

· Filter, regulator, and lubricator (FRL) compressed air systems are used to deliver
clean air, at a fixed pressure, and lubricated (if needed) to ensure proper pneumatic
component operation and increase their operation lifetime.
· The air supplied by compressors is often times contaminated, over pressurized,
and non-lubricated meaning that an FRL unit is required to prevent damage to
equipment.
· Filters, regulators, and lubricators can be bought individually or as a package
depending on what is needed to ensure the proper air specifications are being met
for downstream equipment.
· An FRL unit is comprised of a filter (F), regulator (R), and a lubricator
(L). They are often used as one unit to ensure clean air in a pneumatic
system but can also be used individually.
· Having a proper FRL unit installed in a pneumatic system provides
higher reliability of the components downstream, reduced power waste
due to over pressurization, and increased component lifetime.
FILTER

·
Filters remove water, dirt and
other harmful debris from an
air system. This is often the
first step in improving the air
quality.
REGULATOR
Regulators adjust and control the air pressure of
a system to ensure that down-line components
do not exceed their maximum operating
pressures. This is the second step in the FRL
DRILLING AND THEIR
SIZE

l Drilling is the process of

cutting holes in a solid material
using a rotating cutting tool. The
indentation is a starting point for
the drilling of the hole. Drilling is
a cutting process in which a drill
bit is used to cut or enlarge a hole
in a solid material.
TAPPING

l Tap, a screw-like tool that has

threads like a bolt and two, three,
or four longitudinal flutes or
grooves and that is used to cut
screw threads in a nut or a hole.
Bottoming tap or plug tap
l The tap illustrated in the top of the image has a continuous cutting edge with almost no taper —
between 1 and 1.5 threads of taper is typical.[2][3] This feature enables a bottoming tap to cut threads to the
bottom of a blind hole. A bottoming tap is usually used to cut threads in a hole that has already been
partially threaded using one of the more tapered types of tap; the tapered end ("tap chamfer") of a
bottoming tap is too short to successfully start into an unthreaded hole. In the US, they are commonly
known as bottoming taps, but in Australia and Britain they are also known as plug taps.

Intermediate tap, second tap,or plug tap

l The tap illustrated in the middle of the image has tapered cutting edges, which assist in aligning and
starting the tap into an untapped hole. The number of tapered threads typically ranges from 3 to 5.[2] Plug
taps are the most commonly used type of tap.[citation needed] In the US, they are commonly known as plug
taps, whereas in Australia and Britain they are commonly known as second taps.

Taper tap

l The small tap illustrated at the bottom of the image is similar to an intermediate tap but has a more
pronounced taper to the cutting edges. This feature gives the taper tap a very gradual cutting action that is
less aggressive than that of the plug tap. The number of tapered threads typically ranges from 8 to 10.[2] A
taper tap is most often used when the material is difficult to work (e.g., alloy steel) or the tap is of a very
small diameter and thus prone to breakage.
VALVES
l A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid
(gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing
various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate
category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
The word is derived from the Latin valva, the moving part of a door, in turn from volvere, to
turn, roll.

l The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which swings down to
obstruct fluid (gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed up by the flow itself when
the flow is moving in the opposite direction. This is called a check valve, as it prevents or
"checks" the flow in one direction. Modern control valves may regulate pressure or flow
downstream and operate on sophisticated automation systems.

l Valves have many uses, including controlling water for irrigation, industrial uses for
controlling processes, residential uses such as on/off and pressure control to dish and
clothes washers and taps in the home. Even aerosol spray cans have a tiny valve built in.
Valves are also used in the military and transport sectors. In HVAC ductwork and other
near-atmospheric air flows, valves are instead called dampers. In compressed air systems,
however, valves are used with the most common type being ball valves.
TYPES
l Valves are quite diverse and may be classified
into a number of basic types. Valves may also be
classified by how they are actuated:

l Hydraulic
l Pneumatic
l Manual
l Solenoid valve
l Motor
Applications

l Valves are found in virtually every industrial process, including water and sewage processing,
mining, power generation, processing of oil, gas and petroleum, food manufacturing, chemical and
plastic manufacturing and many other fields.
l People in developed nations use valves in their daily lives, including plumbing valves, such as taps
for tap water, gas control valves on cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and
dishwashers, safety devices fitted to hot water systems, and poppet valves in car engines.
l In nature there are valves, for example one-way valves in veins controlling the blood circulation,
and heart valves controlling the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintaining the
correct pumping action.
l Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever, pedal or wheel. Valves may also be
automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act upon a
diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found
commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.
l More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input
(i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will
stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately,
and allowing control over a variety of requirements.
THANK
YOU