EFEK YOGHURT UBI JALAR UNGU TERHADAP

EKSPRESI ADIPOQ PADA DIFERENSIASI ADIPOSIT

MENGGUNAKAN LINI SEL 3T3-L1

FARHAN KHALIL PERMANA - 130110180031

Dosen Pembimbing I : Astrid Feinisa Khairani, dr., M.Kes., Ph.D

Dosen Pembimbing II : Eko Fuji Ariyanto, dr., M.KM., Ph.D.
Dosen Penguji I : Dr. rer. nat. Afiat Berbudi, dr., M.Kes
Dosen Penguji II : Budi Sujatmiko, dr., M.Epid.
 1
PENDAHULUAN
 1.1 Latar Belakang

1. World Health Organization [WHO]. Obesity and Overweight [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
2. Uzogara SG, Uzogara SG. Obesity Epidemic, Medical and Quality of Life Consequences: A Review. Int J Public Heal Res [Internet]. 2017;5(1):1–12. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stella_Uzogara/publication/314538696_Obesity_Epidemic_Medical_and_Quality_of_Life_Consequences_A_Review/links/
58c330d845851538eb809eb8/Obesity-Epidemic-Medical-and-Quality-of-Life-Consequences-A-Review.pdf
3. Kinlen D, Cody D, O’Shea D. Complications of obesity. Qjm. 2018;111(7):437–43.
4. Rachmi CN, Li M, Alison Baur L. Overweight and obesity in Indonesia: prevalence and risk factors—a literature review. Public Health. 2017;147:20–9.
5. World Health Organization [WHO]. Cardiovascular Disease [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
6. Cai Z, Qu Z, Lan Y, Zhao S, Ma X, Wan Q, et al. Conventional, ultrasound-assisted, and accelerated-solvent extractions of anthocyanins from purple sweet potatoes. Food Chem [Internet]. 2016;197:266–72. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.110
7. Li X, Li B, Cai S, Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang C, et al. Identification of rhizospheric actinomycete streptomyces lavendulae sps-33 and the inhibitory effect of its volatile organic compounds against ceratocystis fimbriata in postharvest sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). Microorganisms. 2020;8(3).
8. Chen C-C, Lin C, Chen M-H, Chiang P-Y. Potato Extracts. Foods. 2019;393(8):1–13.
9. Handa S, Sharma N. In vitro study of probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum F22 isolated from chhang – A traditional fermented beverage of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2016;14(1):91–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.08.001
1.2 Rumusan Masalah

Bagaimana efek yoghurt ubi jalar ungu terhadap ekspresi

gen AdipoQ pada diferensiasi adiposit menggunakan lini sel

3T3-L1?
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum
Mengetahui efek yoghurt ubi jalar ungu terhadap ekspresi

gen AdipoQ yang merupakan salah satu target penanganan

obesitas dan komplikasinya.

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus
Untuk mengetahui efek yoghurt ubi jalar ungu terhadap

ekspresi gen AdipoQ pada diferensiasi adiposit

menggunakan lini sel 3T3-L1.

1.4.1 Manfaat Ilmiah
• Pemberian yoghurt ubi jalar ungu dapat dijadikan perlakuan tambahan dalam suatu
penelitian untuk memanipulasi ekspresi gen AdipoQ pada kultur sel 3T3-L1.

• Penelitian selanjutnya yang melibatkan kultur sel 3T3-L1, yoghurt ubi jalar ungu, dan gen
AdipoQ mendapatkan gambaran limitasi yang dapat diperhatikan dalam melakukan
penelitian selanjutnya.
1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis

• Pertimbangan saran diet preventif terhadap obesitas.

• Wawasan masyarakat terkait bahan pangan untuk menjaga kesahatan.
 2
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
 Konsep Prebiotik, Probiotik, dan Sinbiotik
Tentang Probiotik
Probiotik
● Sebagian besar merupakan bakteri
mikrobiota hidup sebagai penghasil asam laktat (PAL). 3
Sinbiotik suplemen dalam makanan
● Bakteri yang sering digunakan ialah
yang memberikan manfaat
● merupakan gabungan spesies lactobacilli dan Bifidobacteria.5,6
dalam segi kesehatan
komponen prebiotik dan melalui efeknya pada ● Mekanisme : kompetisi, menutup situs
probiotik dalam suatu saluran pencernaan.3 perlekatan, merangsang sistem imun,
makanan fungsional.1 perlawanan langsung terhadap patogen.7

● Pada mencit tinggi kadar Prebiotik

lemak  perbaikan profil Tentang Prebiotik
lipid, lemak viseral, dan kandungan dalam makanan yang tidak ● Bentuk: fruktooligosakarida (FOS),
berat hati yang lebih baik. 2 tercerna dan memberikan dampak xylooligosakarida (XOS),
yang baik bagi pengonsumsi dengan polidekstrosa, dan galaktooligosakarida
cara meningkatkan pertumbuhan atau (GOS).4
aktifitas dari bakteri tertentu dan
berujung pada peningkatan kesehatan
● peningkatan Bifidobacteria pada
pengonsumsi.4
yoghurt yang telah ditambahkan beras
1. Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil B V. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(12):7577–87.
dibandingkan dengan yoghurt tanpa
2. Khairani AF, Islami U, Anggun Syamsunarno MR, Lantika UA. Synbiotic purple sweet potato yogurt ameliorate lipid metabolism in high fat diet mice model. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2020;13(1):175–84.
3. Handa S, Sharma N. In vitro study of probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum F22 isolated from chhang – A traditional fermented beverage of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2016;14(1):91–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.08.001
4. Csutak É. Effect of various prebiotics on LA-5 and BB-12 probiotic bacteria multiplication, and on probiotic yoghurt production. Acta Univ Sapientiae-Alimentaria [Internet]. 2010;3:35–52. Available from: http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-alim/C3/alim3-2.pdf
penambahan prebiotik. 8

5. Shah NP. Probiotic bacteria: Selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2000;83(4):894–907. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74953-8
6. Ranadheera CS, Evans CA, Adams MC, Baines SK. Effect of dairy probiotic combinations on in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance, intestinal epithelial cell adhesion and cytokine secretion. J Funct Foods [Internet]. 2014;8(1):18–25. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.02.022
7. Fazilah NF, Ariff AB, Khayat ME, Rios-Solis L, Halim M. Influence of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and bioactive phytochemicals on the formulation of functional yogurt. J Funct Foods. 2018;48(July):387–99.
8. Kumari AGIP, Ranadheera CS, Prasanna PHP, Senevirathne ND, Vidanarachchi JK. Development of a rice incorporated synbiotic yogurt with low retrogradation properties. Int Food Res J. 2015;22(5):2032–40.
 Ubi Jalar Ungu

• Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam, atau yang biasa dikenal

sebagai ubi jalar ungu merupakan tumbuhan yang
tergolong dalam famili Convolvulaceae yang
merupakan kelompok sayuran berakar besar,
bertepung, dan memiliki rasa yang manis.1

• UJU mengandung tepung sederhana, serat, zat besi,

dan beberapa vitamin seperti vitamin A, B 2, C dan E.1

• UJU mengandung pigmen antosianin yang berkorelasi

positif terhadap kepekatan warna UJU.2
1. Mohanraj R, Sivasankar S. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) - A valuable medicinal food: A review. J Med Food. 2014;17(7):733–41.
2. Husna N El, Novita M, Rohaya S. Anthocyanins Content and Antioxidant Activity of Fresh Purple Fleshed Sweet Potato and Selected Products. Agritech. 2013;33(3):296–302.
 Antosianin
Definisi

pigmen larut dalam air

yang terdapat pada Klasifikasi
beberapa jaringan
tumbuhan.1
Antosianin termasuk ke dalam famili Tampilan Warna2,3
flavonoid dengan ciri khusus pada ion Manfaat
flavylium (2-phenylchromenylium) • Asam  Merah
yang membedakan antosianin dari • Netral  Ungu
• • Memiliki efek anti-obesitas dan
flavonoid yang lain.1 Basa  Biru
antioksidan yang baik.4,5
• Meningkatkan pertumbuhan
bakteri probiotik. 6
• Menghambat pertumbuhan
bakteri patogen usus.6

1. Amoanimaa-Dede H, Hongbo Z, Kyereko WT, Yeboah A, Agyenim-Boateng KG, Essien Sakyi M, et al. Structure, Functions and Biosynthetic Pathway of Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin in Sweet Potato - A Review. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 2019;07(02).
2. Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr Res [Internet]. 2017;61(1):0–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779
3. Turturică M, Oancea AM, Râpeanu G, Bahrim G. Anthocyanins: Naturally occuring fruit pigments with functional properties [Internet]. Vol. 39, Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati, Fascicle VI: Food Technology. 2015. p. 9–24. Available from: https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/food/article/view/1557/1320
4. Ju JH, Yoon HS, Park HJ, Kim MY, Shin HK, Park KY, et al. Anti-obesity and antioxidative effects of purple sweet potato extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. J Med Food. 2011;14(10):1097–106.
5. Li A, Xiao R, He S, An X, He Y, Wang C, et al. Research advances of purple sweet potato anthocyanins: Extraction, identification, stability, bioactivity, application, and biotransformation. Molecules. 2019;24(21).
6. Sun H, Zhang P, Zhu Y, Lou Q, He S. Antioxidant and prebiotic activity of five peonidin-based anthocyanins extracted from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). Sci Rep [Internet]. 2018;8(1):1–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23397-0
 Jaringan Adiposa

Jaringan
Jaringan Adiposa Jaringan Adiposa
Adiposa Beige
Putih (JAP) Cokelat (JAC)
(JAB)
• merupakan kumpulan adiposit
• jaringan adiposa yang memiliki • adiposit yang memiliki putih yang memiliki karakteristik
karakteristik berupa tetesan karakteristik tetesan lemak yang serupa dengan adiposit cokelat,
lemak yang besar unilokular multilokular dan memiliki yakni memiliki tetesan lemak yang
serta mengandung sedikit mitokondria yang padat dan besar multilokular tetapi memiliki
mitokondria yang tidak mengandung uncoupling protein plastisitas fenotip yang
mengandung UCP1.1 1 (UCP1).2 dihasilkan. 2

1. Ghaben AL, Scherer PE. Adipogenesis and metabolic health. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2019;20(4):242–58. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0093-z
2. Wang W, Seale P. Control of brown and beige fat development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2016;17(11):691–702. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2016.96
 Diferensiasi Adiposit
Bone Morphogenetic
Protein (BMP)

1 Commitment Growth Arrest

2 3 4
Mesenchymal Commited Differentiating Mature Adipocyte
Multipotent Stem Preadipocyte Adipocyte
Cell
• -smooth muscle actin Stimulasi dan penanda Diferensiasi :
(SMA), platelet-derived - Putih : PPARγ, C/EBPa, ZFP423, AdipoQ,
growth factor receptor Slc2a4.1
(PDGFR dan/atau - Cokelat : PPARγ, PRDM16, UCP1,PGC-1a,
PDGFRβ).1 EBF2.2

1. Ghaben AL, Scherer PE. Adipogenesis and metabolic health. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2019;20(4):242–58. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0093-z
2. Wang W, Seale P. Control of brown and beige fat development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2016;17(11):691–702. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2016.96
 Diferensiasi Adiposit

Adiposit Putih

Adiposit Cokelat

1. Ghaben AL, Scherer PE. Adipogenesis and metabolic health. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2019;20(4):242–58. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0093-z
2. Wang W, Seale P. Control of brown and beige fat development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2016;17(11):691–702. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2016.96
 Jalur sinyalisasi genetik

• beberapa jalur yang berpengaruh yaitu jalur

sinyalisasi insulin, AMPK (Adenosine
Monophosphate Kinase), Wnt (Wingless-related
integration site), dan pengambilan glukosa
melalui transporter glukosa 4 (GLUT4) yang
nantinya akan dirubah menjadi trigliserida
• Stimulasi : Jalur sinyalisasi insulin dan AMPK ;
Inhibisi : Jalur sinyalisasi Wnt.1

1. Guru A, Issac PK, Velayutham M, Saraswathi NT, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Molecular mechanism of down-regulating adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells by
bioactive anti-adipogenic compounds. Mol Biol Rep [Internet]. 2021;48(1):743–61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-06036-8
 Preadiposit 3T3-L1

• Sel 3T3-L1 merupakan preadiposit yang berkembang dari fibroblas embrionik tikus yang telah berada pada

fase istirahat (konfluen) yang ditandai dengan adanya akumulasi lipid yang spontan. 1

• Tercatat dari Januari hingga Desember 2017 terdapat sekitar 500 penelitian terpublikasi dalam daftar

PubMed yang menggunakan sel 3T3-L1 sebagai objek penelitian seputar diferensiasi adiposit. 1

• sel 3T3-L1 dapat melakukan transformasi garis keturunan secara fungsional menjadi adiposit cokelat ketika

mendapat paparan norepinefrin secara kronis.2

1.TM. N. Adiponectin: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Prev Med. 2020;8:9.
2. Blüher M, Mantzoros CS. From leptin to other adipokines in health and disease: Facts and expectations at the beginning of the 21st century. Metabolism [Internet]. 2015;64(1):131–
45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.016
3. Lindberg S, Jensen JS, Bjerre M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Jeppesen J, et al. Low adiponectin levels at baseline and decreasing adiponectin levels over 10  years of follow-up predict risk
of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab [Internet]. 2017;43(2):134–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2016.07.027
4.Ruan H, Dong LQ. Adiponectin signaling and function in insulin target tissues. J Mol Cell Biol. 2016;8(2):101–9.
 Pengaruh Ekstrak Tumbuhan Terhadap
Diferensiasi Adiposit

• Heksan yang terkandung dalam Chlorantus japonicus  mendorong terjadinya

diferensiasi adiposit melalui inhibisi jalur Wnt. 1
• Pemberian akar tumbuhan Allium hookeri  menghambat diferensiasi adiposit melalui
inhibisi ekspresi gen C/EBP.2
• Allium sativum juga dapat berpengaruh pada proses diferensiasi adiposit.  pencegahan
remodelling dari sitoskeleton serta inhibisi ekspresi gen C/EBP. 3

1.Yun UJ, Nho CW, Park KW, Yang DK. Hexane extract of chloranthus japonicus increases adipocyte differentiation by acting on wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Life. 2021;11(3):1–11.
2. Kim HJ, Lee MJ, Jang JY, Lee SH. Allium hookeri root extract inhibits adipogenesis by promoting lipolysis in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutrients. 2019;11(10).
3. Baek SC, Nam KH, Yi SA, Jo MS, Lee KH, Lee YH, et al. Anti-adipogenic Effect of β-Carboline Alkaloids from Garlic (Allium sativum). Foods. 2019;8(12).
Kerangka Pemikiran
Hipotesis Penelitian

Pemberian intervensi yogurt terfortifikasi tepung UJU

terhadap lini sel 3T3-L1 menurunkan ekspresi gen

AdipoQ sebagai penanda diferensiasi adiposit putih.

 3
Metode Penelitian
Desain Penelitian Lokasi Penelitian Waktu Penelitian Subjek Penelitian

Eksperimental Laboratorium Kultur Sel dan Mei – Juni 2021. Lini Sel 3T3-L1
Laboratori Sitogenik serta Laboratorium
Molekuler Genetik Gedung
Rumah Sakit Pendidikan
Universitas Padjadjaran
Bandung.
 Kriteria Inklusi Kriteria Eksklusi Besar Sampel

• Lini sel 3T3-L1 yang dapat • Lini sel 3T3-L1 yang • Besar sampel yang digunakan yaitu
berdiferensiasi dengan baik mengalami kontaminasi. sebanyak 12x104 sel/ sumur lini sel
yang ditandai dengan • Lini sel 3T3-L1 yang 3T3-L1 yang dilakukan seeding ke
banyaknya lipid. mengalami kerusakan fisik. dalam 4 sumuran (well plate).
• Lini sel 3T3-L1 yang memiliki
viabilitas baik berdasarkan
pengujian MTT .
 Variabel dan Definisi Operasional

Variabel Definisi Operasional Alat Ukur Hasil Ukur Skala Ukur

Yoghurt ubi jalar Perlakuan berupa Mikropipet Kontrol, 0,5%, 1%, Kategorikal
ungu pemberian yoghurt ubi 5%. Ordinal
jalar ungu sesuai jenis
grup perlakuan

Ekspresi gen Gen yang Mesin PCR Hasil kuantifikasi Numerik

AdipoQ diekspresikan oleh lini ekspresi gen
sel 3T3-L1 yang telah melalui pengujian
berdiferensiasi RT-qPCR
Prosedur Penelitian

01 Pembuatan Yoghurt UJU

02 Pengkulturan Sel 3T3-L1

03 Intervensi Yoghurt

04 Pengujian RT-qPCR
Alur Penelitian
 Pengambilan dan Analisis Data

Dilakukan pengambilan data primer yang nantinya

akan dilakukan pengujian ANOVA satu arah
dengan post hoc tukey menggunakan perangkat
lunak Statistical and Product Service Solutions (SPSS)
untuk windows.
 Dummy Table

Ekspresi AdipoQ

ANOVA satu arah

Dummy Table Post Hoc Tukey
Terima kasih!
Dosen Pembimbing I : Astrid Feinisa Khairani, dr., M.Kes., Ph.D
Dosen Pembimbing II : Eko Fuji Ariyanto, dr., M.KM., Ph.D.
Dosen Penguji I : Dr. rer. nat. Afiat Berbudi, dr., M.Kes
Dosen Penguji II : Budi Sujatmiko, dr., M.Epid.
Data Pendukung
 Adiponektin

• Adiponektin merupakan protein yang dikodekan

oleh gen AdipoQ yang tersusun atas 244 asam
amino dengan berat molekul 28 kDa pada manusia.1
• rekombinan adiponektin terbukti dapat
memperbaiki sensitivitas insulin, penurunan berat
badan, dan memperbaiki kadar gula dalam darah. 1,2
• jumlah faktor sindrom metabolik meningkat seiring
menurunnya kadar adiponektin.3

1.TM. N. Adiponectin: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Prev Med. 2020;8:9.
2. Blüher M, Mantzoros CS. From leptin to other adipokines in health and disease: Facts and expectations at the beginning of the 21st century. Metabolism [Internet]. 2015;64(1):131–
45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.016
3. Lindberg S, Jensen JS, Bjerre M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Jeppesen J, et al. Low adiponectin levels at baseline and decreasing adiponectin levels over 10  years of follow-up predict risk
of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab [Internet]. 2017;43(2):134–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2016.07.027
4.Ruan H, Dong LQ. Adiponectin signaling and function in insulin target tissues. J Mol Cell Biol. 2016;8(2):101–9.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stella_Uzogara/publication/314538696_Obesity_Epidemic_Medical_and_Quality_of_Life_Consequences_A_Review/links/
58c330d845851538eb809eb8/Obesity-Epidemic-Medical-and-Quality-of-Life-Consequences-A-Review.pdf
3. Kinlen D, Cody D, O’Shea D. Complications of obesity. Qjm. 2018;111(7):437–43.
4. Rachmi CN, Li M, Alison Baur L. Overweight and obesity in Indonesia: prevalence and risk factors—a literature review. Public Health. 2017;147:20–9.
5. World Health Organization [WHO]. Cardiovascular Disease [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Mar 10]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
6. Cai Z, Qu Z, Lan Y, Zhao S, Ma X, Wan Q, et al. Conventional, ultrasound-assisted, and accelerated-solvent extractions of anthocyanins from purple sweet potatoes. Food Chem
[Internet]. 2016;197:266–72. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.110

Dafpus
7. Li X, Li B, Cai S, Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang C, et al. Identification of rhizospheric actinomycete streptomyces lavendulae sps-33 and the inhibitory effect of its volatile organic
compounds against ceratocystis fimbriata in postharvest sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). Microorganisms. 2020;8(3).
8. Chen C-C, Lin C, Chen M-H, Chiang P-Y. Potato Extracts. Foods. 2019;393(8):1–13.
9. Handa S, Sharma N. In vitro study of probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum F22 isolated from chhang – A traditional fermented beverage of Himachal Pradesh, India. J
Genet Eng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2016;14(1):91–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.08.001

1. Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil B V. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(12):7577–87.
2. Khairani AF, Islami U, Anggun Syamsunarno MR, Lantika UA. Synbiotic purple sweet potato yogurt ameliorate lipid metabolism in high fat diet mice model. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2020;13(1):175–84.
3. Handa S, Sharma N. In vitro study of probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum F22 isolated from chhang – A traditional fermented beverage of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2016;14(1):91–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.08.001
4. Csutak É. Effect of various prebiotics on LA-5 and BB-12 probiotic bacteria multiplication, and on probiotic yoghurt production. Acta Univ Sapientiae-Alimentaria [Internet]. 2010;3:35–52. Available from: http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-alim/C3/alim3-2.pdf
5. Shah NP. Probiotic bacteria: Selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2000;83(4):894–907. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74953-8
6. Ranadheera CS, Evans CA, Adams MC, Baines SK. Effect of dairy probiotic combinations on in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance, intestinal epithelial cell adhesion and cytokine secretion. J Funct Foods [Internet]. 2014;8(1):18–25. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.02.022
7. Fazilah NF, Ariff AB, Khayat ME, Rios-Solis L, Halim M. Influence of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and bioactive phytochemicals on the formulation of functional yogurt. J Funct Foods. 2018;48(July):387–99.
8. Kumari AGIP, Ranadheera CS, Prasanna PHP, Senevirathne ND, Vidanarachchi JK. Development of a rice incorporated synbiotic yogurt with low retrogradation properties. Int Food Res J. 2015;22(5):2032–40.

1. Mohanraj R, Sivasankar S. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) - A valuable medicinal food: A review. J Med Food. 2014;17(7):733–41.
2. Husna N El, Novita M, Rohaya S. Anthocyanins Content and Antioxidant Activity of Fresh Purple Fleshed Sweet Potato and Selected Products. Agritech. 2013;33(3):296–302.
1. Amoanimaa-Dede H, Hongbo Z, Kyereko WT, Yeboah A, Agyenim-Boateng KG, Essien Sakyi M, et al. Structure, Functions and Biosynthetic Pathway of Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin in Sweet Potato - A Review. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 2019;07(02).
2. Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr Res [Internet]. 2017;61(1):0–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779
3. Turturică M, Oancea AM, Râpeanu G, Bahrim G. Anthocyanins: Naturally occuring fruit pigments with functional properties [Internet]. Vol. 39, Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati, Fascicle VI: Food Technology. 2015. p. 9–24. Available from: https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/food/article/view/1557/1320
4. Ju JH, Yoon HS, Park HJ, Kim MY, Shin HK, Park KY, et al. Anti-obesity and antioxidative effects of purple sweet potato extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. J Med Food. 2011;14(10):1097–106.
5. Li A, Xiao R, He S, An X, He Y, Wang C, et al. Research advances of purple sweet potato anthocyanins: Extraction, identification, stability, bioactivity, application, and biotransformation. Molecules. 2019;24(21).
6. Sun H, Zhang P, Zhu Y, Lou Q, He S. Antioxidant and prebiotic activity of five peonidin-based anthocyanins extracted from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). Sci Rep [Internet]. 2018;8(1):1–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23397-0

1. Ghaben AL, Scherer PE. Adipogenesis and metabolic health. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2019;20(4):242–58. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0093-z
2. Wang W, Seale P. Control of brown and beige fat development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2016;17(11):691–702. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2016.96

1. Guru A, Issac PK, Velayutham M, Saraswathi NT, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Molecular mechanism of down-regulating adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells by
bioactive anti-adipogenic compounds. Mol Biol Rep [Internet]. 2021;48(1):743–61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-06036-8

1.TM. N. Adiponectin: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Prev Med. 2020;8:9.
2. Blüher M, Mantzoros CS. From leptin to other adipokines in health and disease: Facts and expectations at the beginning of the 21st century. Metabolism [Internet]. 2015;64(1):131–
45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.016
3. Lindberg S, Jensen JS, Bjerre M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Jeppesen J, et al. Low adiponectin levels at baseline and decreasing adiponectin levels over 10  years of follow-up predict risk
of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab [Internet]. 2017;43(2):134–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2016.07.027
4.Ruan H, Dong LQ. Adiponectin signaling and function in insulin target tissues. J Mol Cell Biol. 2016;8(2):101–9.

1.Yun UJ, Nho CW, Park KW, Yang DK. Hexane extract of chloranthus japonicus increases adipocyte differentiation by acting on wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Life. 2021;11(3):1–
11.
2. Kim HJ, Lee MJ, Jang JY, Lee SH. Allium hookeri root extract inhibits adipogenesis by promoting lipolysis in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutrients. 2019;11(10).
3. Baek SC, Nam KH, Yi SA, Jo MS, Lee KH, Lee YH, et al. Anti-adipogenic Effect of β-Carboline Alkaloids from Garlic (Allium sativum). Foods. 2019;8(12).