CPU, RAM AND ROM

AMMARA TALLAT
What is a CPU, and what is its purpose?

A CPU (central processing unit, or simply, processor) is the main

chip in a computer that is responsible for carrying out all of its
tasks. The CPU consists of storage or memory unit, Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU) and control unit.

Often referred to as the "brain of the computer," the processor tells

all of the other components in a computer what to do based on the
instructions. CPUs exist in lots of devices other than traditional
computers like smartphones, TVs, and tablets.

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Components of a Computer System

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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
In the computer system, ALU is a main component of the central
processing unit, which stands for arithmetic logic unit and performs
arithmetic and logic operations such as true or false.

It is capable of performing logical operations (e.g. AND, OR, NOT) in

addition to the arithmetic operations Addition, Subtraction etc.

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Control Unit
The component which receives the input instruction from the user and
converts into control signals for the execution in the CPU.
It controls the main memory, arithmetic & logic unit (ALU), input and output
devices, and also responsible for the instructions that are sent to the CPU of
a computer.

Memory unit
The memory unit is a storage area inside the computer system. Memory is
mainly divided into two types: Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the
computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when
power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These
memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be
processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories
RAM and ROM.
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What is RAM?
The full form of RAM is Random Access Memory. The information stored in this
type of memory is lost when the power supply to the PC or laptop is switched
off. It is generally known as the main memory or temporary memory of the
computer system.

Static RAM
Static RAM is the full form of SRAM. In this type of RAM, data is stored
using the state of a six transistor memory cell.

Dynamic RAM
DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is a type of RAM
which allows you to stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor.

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 SRAM DRAM

It stores information as long as the power

It stores information as long as the power
is supplied or a few milliseconds when
is supplied. 
power is switched off.

Transistors are used to store information Capacitors are used to store data in
in SRAM. DRAM.

To store information for a longer time,

Capacitors are not used hence no
contents of the capacitor need to be
refreshing is required.
refreshed periodically.

SRAM is faster compared to DRAM. DRAM provides slow access speeds.

It does not have a refreshing unit.  It has a refreshing unit. 

These are expensive. These are cheaper.

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ROM:
ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips
containing permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you
turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.

What is PROM?
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. It is a computer memory
chip, and it is possible to program it once after creation. After programming the
PROM, the information we write to it becomes permanent. Therefore, we cannot
erase or delete that written data. The PROM chip was commonly used in earlier
computers.

What is EPROM?
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. We can erase
and reprogram an EPROM without replacing it. It is possible to erase and write
to it. EPROM is used more commonly than PROM because it allows the
manufacturers to modify or reprogram the chip.

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What is EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memory. It is a memory chip that we can erase and reprogram
using electrical charge.
EEPROM is a replacement of both PROM and EPROM. It is used
in many applications including computers, microcontrollers, smart
cards, etc. to store data, erase and to reprogram.
◦ The volatile memory stores data and computer programs that
the CPU may need in real-time, and it erases them once a user
switches off the computer. Cache memory and RAM are types
of Volatile memory.
◦ Non-volatile memory, on the other hand, is static. It remains in a
computer even after a user switches it off.

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SYSTEM BUS
The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and
connectors used to carry data between a computer
microprocessor and the main memory, and other devices of the
computer.
It is a type of small wire embedded on a motherboard. The buses
are electric wires that connect various components and transfer
data between them.

There are three types of buses:

Data bus : It stores data from memory to CPU and CPU to
memory.
Address Bus : It contains the address from CPU to memory.
Control Bus : Contains instructions from the CPU and other parts
of the computer.
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THANKS…