NAME:ABHINITHI CLASS XII-A

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide project record of work done in this
Higher Secondary School during the year 2021-2022.

Headmistress Subject teacher

Internal examiner External examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thanks Mrs.Dharani, principal ARRS Academy, valasiyur.
We are deeply indebted to our mentor Mr.Shaik Masthan Vali.
We further thanks to all the staff members of ARRS Academy.
We own our sincere gratitude towards ARRS Acedemy.
Our heartfelt thanks to CBSE.
We also express our deepest gratitude to our parents.
Finally, we would like to wind up by paying our heartfelt thanks to all our near and dear
ones.

1.ABHINITI.S - XII A
2.KAVYA.S - XII A
3.GIRIWARSHINI.L - XII A
4.DHARANEESH.S - XII A
5.DIWAKAR BALAJI S.R - XII A
List Of Contents
Aim
Introduction
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Care and Treatment
AIM
To study about diabetes mellitus
INTRODUCTION
 What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus(DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic
diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
Disease mellitus(or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects our
body’s ability to use the energy found in food.
 Our body breaks glucose fuels the cell in your body. But the cells need insulin, a
hormone, in diabetes mellitus, either our body doesn't make enough insulin. It
can’t use the insulin it does produce, or a combination of both.
Since the cells can’t take in the glucose, it builds up in our blood. High levels of
blood glucose can damage the tiny blood vessels in our kidney, heart, eyes, or
nervous system.
That’s why diabetes – especially if left untreated – can eventually cause heart,
disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and never damage to nerve in the feet.
COMMON TYPES OF DIABETES:
Type 1 DM result from the pancreas failure to produce enough insulin.
This from was previously referred to as “insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus”(IDDM) or “juvenile diabetes”. The cause is unknown.
Type 2 DM begin with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail
to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses a lack of insulin
may also develop. This form was previously referred to as “adult-onset
diabetes”. The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough
exercise.
Gestational diabetes, is the third main form and occurs when pregnant
women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood sugar
level.
Generally, type2 diabetes is more common in people over age 40 who are
overweight. However, the prevalence of obesity among people in North
America has increased the number of people underage 40 who are
diagnosed with type2 diabetes.
Type 1:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin deficiency. This
type can be further classified as immune-mediate. The majority of
type1 diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature leads to loss of beta
cells and thus insulin.
 It causes approximately 10% of diabetes mellitus causes in North
America and Europe. Most affected people are otherwise healthy and
of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness
to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages.
Type1 diabetes can affected children or adults, but was traditionally
termed “juvenile diabetes” because a majority of these diabetes cases
were in children.
Type1 diabetes is partly inherited, with multiple genes, including
certain HLA genotypes, known to influenced the risk of diabetes.
Type2:
Type2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, which
may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion.
The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to
involve the insulin receptor. However, the specific defect are not
known.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES:
Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) resembles type2 diabetes occurs
in about 2-10% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after
delivery.
Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring,
and in some cases insulin may be required.
 Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes,which is
due to genetic defects of insulin secretion.
CAUSES:
Health care providers do not yet known what causes diabetes. The following factors
may increase your chance of getting diabetes.
Family history of diabetes or inherited tendency
Being overweight(20% or more over your desired body weight)
Physical stress(such as surgery or illness)
Use of certain medications, including steroid and blood pressure medications
Injury to pancreas(such as infection, tumour, surgery or accident )
Autoimmune disease
High blood pressure
Abnormal blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels
Age(risk increases with age)
Alcohol(risk increase with years of heavy alcohol use)
Smoking
WHO GETS DIABETES?
Diabetes can occur in anyone, however, people who have
close relatives with the disease are somewhat more likely to
develop it.
Other risk factors include obesity, high cholesterol, high
blood pressure, and physical inactivity. The risk of developing
diabetes also increases as people grow older.
 People who are over 40 and overweight are more likely to
develop diabetes, although the incidence of type2 diabetes in
adolescent is growing. Diabetes is more common among in
native Americans.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight loss,
polyuria(increased urination), polydipsia(increased thirst), and
polyphagia(increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly(week or
months) in type1 diabetes, while they usually develop much more slowly and
may be subtle or absent in type2 diabetes.
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes, although
they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the known ones above, they
include blurry vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin.
Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose absorption in the lens of the
eye, diabetes are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes people with
diabetes frequently experience certain symptoms. These include,
Being very thirsty
Frequent urination
Weight loss
In some cases, there are no symptoms– this happens at times with
type2 diabetes. In this case, people can live for months, even years
without knowing they have the disease. The from of diabetes come on
so gradually that symptoms may not even be recognized.
The preferred method of diagnosis diabetes is the fasting plasma
glucose test(FPG). The FPg measures your blood glucose level after you
have fasted(not eaten anything) for 10 to 20 hours.
Normal fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or greater and has
common symptoms of diabetes, such as,
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Increased hunger
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Weight loss
On occasion, an oral glucose tolerance test may aid in the diagnosis of
diabetes or an earlier abnormality that may become diabetes-called impaired
glucose tolerance.

Another test, the A1C test, measure your average percentage of glycated
haemoglobin, or HbA1c, in the blood. This test tells you about your blood
glucose control for the past 2 to 3 months. It gives you an idea of how your
treatment plan is coming along but does not replace daily testing.
LONG TERM COMPLICATION OF DIABETES:
Heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney failure, and blood vessel
disease that may required an amputation, never damage, and impotence
in men, Retinopathy(eye disease), Nephropathy(kidney disease),
Neuropathy(nerve disease).
Other long term may complication include.
Eye problem including glaucoma and cataracts
Dental problems
High blood pressure
Heart disease
PREVENTION:
1. There is no cure for diabetes, but it can be treated and controlled. The goals of
managing diabetes are to,
2. Keep your blood glucose levels to normal as possible by balancing food intake
with medication and activity.
3. Maintaining your blood cholesterol and triglyceride(lipid) levels as near then
normal ranges as possible by decreasing the total amount of fat to 30% or less of
your total daily calories and by reducing saturated fat and cholesterol.
4. Control your blood pressure.(your blood pressure should not go over 130/80.)
5. Decrease or possibly prevent the prevent the development of diabetes-related
health problems. You hold the keys to managing your diabetes by
6. Planning what you eat and follow a balanced meal plan
7. Exercise regularly
MANAGEMENT:

Diabetes mellitus is chronic disease, for which there is know cure except in
very specific situation. management concentrates on keep blood sugar levels as
close to normal, without causing low blood sugar. this can usually be
accomplished with a healthy diet, exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate
medication(insulin in the case of type1 diabetes; oral medications, as well as
possibly insulin, in type2 diabetes).
learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is
important, since complication are far less common and less severe in people who
have well-managed blood sugar levels. attention is also paid to other health
problems that may accelerate the negative effects of diabetes. these include
smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and lack of regular
exercise.
LIFESTYLE:

People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and
treatment, good nutrition to achieve a normal body weight, and exercise, with the
goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within
acceptable bounds. in addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular
disease, lifestyle modification are recommended to control blood pressure.
 MEDICATIONS:
Medication used to treat diabetes do so by lowering blood sugar levels. there are a number of
different classes of anti-diabetic medications. some are available by month, such as metformin, while
others are only available by injection like insulin. type1 diabetes can only be treated with insulin,
several other groups of drugs, mostly given by mouth, may also decrease blood sugar in type II DM.

Since cardiovascular disease is a serious complication associated with diabetes, some

recommended blood pressure levels below 120/80 mmHg Aspirin is also is also recommended for
patient with cardiovascular problems, however routine of aspirin has not been found to improve
outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.
CONCLUSION : CARE AND TREATMENT:
Here is a summary of the guidelines that will help you manage your
diabetes for a lifetime of good health

1. Plan what you eat and follow a balanced meal plan. See your dietitian
at least once a year.
2. Exercise at least five times a week for 30 minutes each session. Talk
to your doctor before starting any exercise program. Tell your doctor
what kind of exercise you want to do so adjustments can be made to
your medicine schedule or meal plan, if necessary.
3. Follow your medicine schedule as prescribed by your doctor.
4. Known what medicines(brand and generic names) you are taking and
how they work keep a list of your medicines with you at all times.
5. Test your blood glucose regularly, as recommended by your health care
provider. Test your blood glucose more often when you’re sick.
6. Try to continuously keep your blood glucose level at the recommended
range. If your blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dl and you have more than
one unexplained low blood glucose reaction a week, call your doctor. If
your blood glucose is greater than 160 mg/dl for more than a week or if
you have two consecutive reading grater than 300 mg/dl, call your doctor.
7. Contact your doctor when your blood glucose is over 300 mg/dl. Test your
urine for ketones if recommended by your doctor.
8. Record your blood glucose and urine ketones test result in a record keeping log.
Bring your log book with your doctors visits.
9. Keep your scheduled appointments with your health care providers. See your
doctor at least every three are four months for regular check-ups if you are
treated with insulin. See your doctor every four to six months if you are treated
with other diabetes medicines or if you are managing diabetes with diet and
exercise alone. More frequent visits might be necessary if your blood glucose is
not controlled or if complications of diabetes are progressing. Make sure your
health care provider checks your blood pressure and weight, and examines your
feet and insulin injection sites.
10. Have an glycosylated haemoglobin test(HbA1c) at least two times year or more
frequently as recommended by your doctor.
11. Have an eye exam(including a retinopathy screening test) and urinalysis test
once a year, or as recommended by your doctor.(your doctor might request that
you have these test more frequently.)
12. Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked(lipid profile test)
once a year.
13. Have a dental exam every six months.
14. If you have any signs of infection, call your doctor or health care provider.
15. Practice good foot and skin care.
16. Do not smoke
17. Try to manage stress as best as you might think about attending a stress
management workshop to help you learn better cropping methods.
18. Discuss your travel plans with your doctor. Make sure to bring enough
medicine and supplies with you on your trip. Keep medicines, syringes,
and blood glucose testing supplies in your carry-on bag. Do not check
these supplies in case your luggage is lost.
19. Continue learning about your diabetes to maintain and improve your
health. Attend a diabetes class or schedule visits with your diabetes
educator at least once a year.