FUNDAMENTALS OF

MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(FMES)

LOHITH.N
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
E mail : lohithn@ssit.edu.in
Mobile : 9060556464
UNIT Description Hours

PROPERTIES OF STEAM, STEAM GENERATORS AND MECHANICAL POWER GENERATING

MACHINES:-

Steam: Formation of steam, Properties of Steam.

8Hrs
I Steam boilers: Classification, Lancashire boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler, Boiler mountings, Accessories,
(No sketches for mountings and accessories)  

Steam turbines: Classification, Working Principle and operation of Impulse and reaction steam turbine.

Water turbines: Classification, working Principle and operations of Pelton wheel and Francis turbine.

HEAT ENGINES AND HEAT PUMPS:-

IC Engines: Classification, I.C. Engines parts, 4 Stroke Petrol and 4-stroke diesel engines 8Hrs
II
Refrigeration: Definitions - Refrigerating effect, Types of Refrigerants, Properties of refrigerants, Principle  
and working of Vapour compression refrigeration and Vapour absorption refrigeration. Principle and working of
Room air conditioner (Split Air conditioner), Introduction to Electronic cooling (Heat Sink).

MANUFACTURING PROCESS:-

Metal Casting and Joining Process: Sand-Casting terminology, types of moulds, Classification and method
of welding, Soldering & Brazing with, applications, Brief description of Arc welding & Oxy-Acetylene gas
welding.

Machining: Lathe: Principle of working of a centre lathe. Parts of a lathe. Operations on lathe - Turning,
III 9Hrs
Facing, Taper turning (Tailstock offset method)

Drilling Machine: Principle of working and classification of drilling machines. Bench drilling Machine,
Operations on drilling machine -Drilling, Boring, Reaming and Tapping

Grinding Machine: Principle and classification of Grinding Machines, Principle and working of surface grinding
& Cylindrical grinding operations .
UNIT Description Hours

MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION:-

Belt Drives: Open and Crossed belt drive, Classification and
applications, Idler pulley, stepped Cone pulley and Fast & loose pulley,
Slip & Creep, Simple problems on velocity ratio.
IV 8 Hrs
Gears: Types of gear drives (Spur, Bevel, Helical, worm and worm
wheel, Rack & Pinion).

Gear Trains: Simple and Compound gear Trains, Simple problems on

velocity ratio.

INTRODUCTION TO CLUTCHES, BRAKES & BEARINGS:-

Clutches: Introduction, Friction Clutches- Cone Clutch, Plate Clutches
V
Brakes: Introduction, Internal Expanding Brakes and Disc Brakes 7Hrs
Bearings: Introduction, Journal and Ball Bearings  
 TEXT BOOK
Sl Author Text Book title Publisher Volume / Year of
No Issue Edition
1 Kestoor Elements of Interline 2006 2ndedition
Praveen, and Mechanical Publishing
Ramesh Engineering

2 K.R. Elements of Subash 2018 -

Gopalakrishna Mechanical Publishers,
Engineering Bangalore.
UNIT-1: CONTENTS

STEAM
Formation of steam
Properties of steam
STEAM
Water is one of the PURE SUBSTANCES that exists in all
the three phases namely, in the solid phase as Ice,
liquid phase as water and gaseous phase as vapour or
STEAM.
FORMATION OF STEAM
 TYPES OF STEAM/CONDITION OF STEAM
 Wet steam
 Dry saturated steam
 Superheated steam

 WET STEAM
Wet steam is defined as a two-phase mixture containing saturated liquid and vapor (steam)
formed at the saturation temperature and at a given pressure.

 DRY SATURATED STEAM

Dry steam is a pure steam that does not contain water particles in suspension. It is defined as the
steam that exists completely in pure form at saturation temperature and at a given pressure.

 SUPERHEATED STEAM
It is defined as the steam that is heated beyond its dry saturated state to a temperature higher
than its saturation temperature and at a given pressure. The temperature at which superheated
steam is formed is called as the SUPERHEAT TEMPERATURE (tsup).
PROPERTIES OF STEAM
 Dryness fraction (x) [Quality of Steam]
It is defined as the ratio of mass of dry steam present in a known quality of wet
steam to the total mass of wet steam.
  

where, mg = mass of dry steam

mf = mass of wet steam 

 

 SENSIBLE HEAT (hf); (ENTHALPY OF SATURATED WATER OR

TOTAL HEAT OF WATER)

It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of

water from 0°C to saturation temparture (ts) at a given pressure.
 LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION (hfg) or ENTHALPY OF
EVAPORATION

It is the amount of heat required to convert 1 kg of water at the

saturation temperature (ts) to 1kg of dry saturated steam at same

temperature (ts) and at a given pressure.

 SUPERHEAT

It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of dry

saturated steam above its saturation temperature and at a given
pressure. The process is known as superheating.
 DEGREE OF SUPERHEAT

It is defined as the difference between the superheat temperature (t sup)

and the saturation temperature (ts)

Degree of superheat = tsup- ts

 

 ENTHALPY OF STEAM (TOTAL HEAT)

Enthalpy (total heat) is defined as the sum of internal energy (U) and the product of
pressure (P) and volume (V).

h = (U+PV) kJ/Kg
 ENTHALPY OF WET STEAM
Enthalpy of wet steam is defined as the amount of heat required at a given pressure to
convert 1 kg of water at 0°C to 1 kg of wet steam at a given dryness fraction.

hw = hf + xhfg kJ/kg
hf = sensible heat, hfg = latent heat, x = dryness fraction

 ENTHALPY OF DRY SATURATED STEAM (hg)

It is defined as the amount of heat required at a given pressure to convert 1 kg of water

at 0°C to 1 kg of dry saturated steam at the saturation temperature.

hg = hf + hfg kJ/kg
 ENTHALPY OF SUPERHEATED STEAM (hsup)

It is defined as the amount of heat required at a given pressure to convert 1 kg of water

at 0°C to 1 kg of superheated steam at the given superheated temperature.

hsup = hg + Cp (tsup – ts)

hsup = hf + hfg + Cp(tsup-ts)

where Cp = specific heat of SH steam

  SPECIFIC VOLUME OF STEAM
Specific volume of steam is defined as the volume occupied by a unit mass of steam at a given temperature and pressure.
 Unit: m3/kg
 SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SATURATED WATER (Vf)

It is defined as the volume occupied by 1kg of water at saturation temperature and at a given pressure.
 SPECIFIC VOLUME OF WET STEAM (Vw)

It is defined as the volume occupied by the saturated water and vapor at a given pressure.
Vw = (1-x)Vf + xVg

At low pressure Vf is very small compared to Vg and hence the term (1-x)Vf can be neglected.

Vw = xVg m3/kg

where Vg = Sp volume of dry steam

 SPECIFIC VOLUME OF DRY SATURATED STEAM (Vg)

It is the volume occupied by 1 kg of dry saturated steam at the saturation temperature and at a given pressure.
 SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SUPERHEATED STEAM (Vsup)

It is defined as the volume occupied by 1kg of superheated steam at the superheat temperature (t sup) and at a given pressure. Superheated steam
behaves like perfect gas, which follows Charles Law

Where tsup and tsat are in Kelvin

 DENSITY OF STEAM
It is the mass of steam per unit volume of steam at the given pressure and
temperature. It is the reciprocal of specific Volume
ρ where,
v = specific volume