Database Management

System
 Business processes executed by individuals and organisations require both present
and historical data. Therefore, data storage is essential for organisations and
individuals.

Social media
Every time we access social media, we interact, collaborate and share content with
other people. The owners of social media platforms store the data.
Why Data
storage ??? Supermarket
A supermarket stores different types of information about its products, such as
quantity, prices and type of product.
Every time we buy anything from the supermarket, quantities must be reduced and
the sales information must be stored.

Company
A company will need to hold details of its staff, customers, products, suppliers and
financial transactions.
 If there are a small number of records to be kept, and these do not need to be
changed very often, a card index might be all that is required.

How to
maintain data? However, where there is a high volume of data, and a need to manipulate this
data on a regular basis, a computer-based solution will often be chosen.

This might sound like a simple solution, but there are a number of different
approaches that could be taken.
 The term 'file-based approach' refers to the situation where data
is stored in one or more separate computer files defined and
managed by different application programs.

Traditional file-
based For example, the details of customers may be
stored in one file, orders in another, etc.
approach
The file-based approach use application programs that deal with
purchase orders, invoices, sales and marketing, suppliers,
customers, employees, and so on.
Different applications
will each have their
own copy of the files
 •Data duplication: Each program stores its own separate files. If the same data is
to be accessed by different programs, then each program must store its own copy
of the same data.

Limitations •Data inconsistency: If the data is kept in different files, there could be problems
when an item of data needs updating, as it will need to be updated in all the
of File-based relevant files; if this is not done, the data will be inconsistent, and this could lead
to errors.
approach
•Difficult to implement data security: Data is stored in different files by
different application programs. This makes it difficult and expensive to
implement organisation-wide security procedures on the data.
 Approach to solving the problem of each application having its own set of
files is to share files between different applications.

The shared file

approach
 Solves the problem of duplication and inconsistent, but other problems may
emerge:

File incompatibility: When each department had its own version of a file for
processing, each department could ensure that the structure of the file suited its
specific application. If departments have to share files, the file structure that suits
one department might not suit another.

The shared file Difficult to control access: Some applications may require access to more data

approach than others; for instance, a credit control application will need access to customer
credit limit information, whereas a delivery note printing application will only need
access to customer name and address details.

Difficult to implement concurrency: While a data file is being processed by one

application, the file will not be available for other applications
 Review question 1
What is meant by the file-based approach to storing data?

Review Review question 2

How can avoid some of the problems of the file-based approach to storing
questions ??? data?

Review question 3
What are the problems that remain with the shared file approach?
 The database approach is an improvement on the shared
file solution as the use of a database management system
The database
(DBMS) provides facilities for querying, data security and
approach
integrity, and allows simultaneous access to data by a
number of different users. 
 What is
Database
???

Database is an organized collection of data

A database is a collection of related data.
  Data can be facts related to any object.

  Table is an arrangement of information in rows and

Data columns. 
Table
Database  Database is an organized collection of data, so that it

DBMS can be easily accessed and managed.

 Database management system (DBMS) is a system

software for creating and managing databases.
 Roll No Name Course ID Course Name

Data Table 1 Table 2

Record
Table
Database Database
Relational
Database
Three-level
database
architecture
model
 The external schema: The external schemas describe the database as
it is seen by the user and the user applications. The external schema
maps onto the conceptual schema.
The conceptual schema: It would provide a description of all of the
data required to be stored in a database system. 
 At the level of the conceptual schema, we are concerned with the
Three-level data itself, rather than storage or the way data is physically accessed
on disk.
architecture The internal schema: This scheme defines the way in which data is
physically stored.
 The interface between the internal schema and the conceptual
schema identifies how an element in the conceptual schema is
stored, and how it may be accessed.

 If the internal schema is changed, this will need to be addressed in

the interface between the internal and the conceptual schemas,
but the conceptual and external schemas will not need to change.
 Physical data independence
 The interface between the internal schema and the conceptual schema.
 Any change of physical data storage is not transparent to users and
application programs.

Interface Example:
 Modifying the file organization technique in the Database 
between  Changing the access method. 

three-level 

Modifying indexes. 
To change the Location of Database from say C drive to D Drive. 
architecture Logical data independence
 The interface between the external schema and the conceptual schema.
Example:
 To Add/Modify/Delete a new attribute
 Merging two records into one 
  Data Model: A data model is a collection of conceptual tools for
describing data, data relationships, data semantics, and
consistency constraints.

 Data Models: A collection of tools for describing

 Data.
 Data relationships.
Database 

Data semantics.
Data constraints.
Model  Database Models are:
 Relational model
 Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design).
 Object-oriented.
 Student Table
Stu_ID Stu_Name Stu_Age

Create
Database Course_ID
Course Table
Course_Name
 Entity: An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is
distinguishable from all other objects. For example, each person in
an enterprise is an entity.
Attribute: Column or features of a table.
Simple and composite attributes: the attributes have been simple;
that is, they are not divided into subparts called "simple attributes".
Example- ID
Data Model  The attribute can be divided into subparts called "composite
attributes".
Entity and  Example- first-name
Attribute
Single-valued and multivalued attributes: Student ID have only
one value and Phone can be multiple.
Derived attribute: The value for this type of attribute can be
derived from the values of other related attributes or entities.
Example – Age from DOB
 Primary key: It denotes the unique identity in any table.
 A primary key is used to ensure data in the specific column is
unique. It is a column that cannot have NULL values. 
Foreign key: A foreign key is a column or group of columns in a
relational database table that provides a link between data in two
tables.
Example: STUD_NO in STUDENT_COURSE is a foreign key to
STUD_NO in STUDENT relation.
Keys:
Relational
Model
The relational Model
represents the
database as a
collection of relations.
A relation is nothing
but a table of values
Retrieve data
from multiple
tables using a
query.

SQL, Oracle,
MS Access
 ER Diagram stands for Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as
ERD is a diagram that displays the relationship of entity sets stored
in a database. In other words, ER diagrams help to explain the
logical structure of databases. ER diagrams are created based on
three basic concepts: entities, attributes and relationships.

Entity An entity that depends on another

entity is called a weak entity. The
Relationship weak entity doesn't contain any key
attribute of its own. 
Diagram
Example:
Instalment depends on the Loan
 ERD
Database
Model
 Identify Entities,
attributes and relation
Create a model
based on user’s
requirement

Basic steps to
create a Create database using
database Normalization tables and their
relation

Database is ready to
use
  A data warehouse is a central repository of information that can
be analysed to make more informed decisions.
 Data flows into a data warehouse from transactional systems,
Data relational databases and other sources. Business analysts, data
engineers, data scientists, and decision makers access the data
Warehouse through different tools, SQL clients, and other analytics
applications.
  A data warehouse may contain multiple databases.
 Within each database, data is organized into tables and columns.
How does a  Within each column, you can define a description of the data,
such as integer, data field, or string.
data  Tables can be organized inside of schemas, which you can think of
warehouse as folders.

work?  When data is ingested, it is stored in various tables described by

the schema.
 Query tools use the schema to determine which data tables to
access and analyse.
 Data Mining refers to extracting vital information or knowledge
from huge data sets.
Data Mining is carried out by an individual in a specific condition on
Data Mining a particular set of data with an objective in mind.
Data can be anything such as a file, video, photos, text, etc.

Data mining is
defined as a Process of data mining
process used to  Business Understandings
extract usable data  Data Understandings
from larger set of  Data Preparation
any raw data.  Modelling
 Evaluation
 Deployment
 Web content mining refers to the process of extracting data from
web pages in order to search different patterns trends that gives
useful insight.

Web Mining Web mining refers to the process of extracting information from the
web document and services, hyperlinks, and server logs.
  OLAP (online analytical processing) is a computing method that
enables users to easily and selectively extract and query data in
OLAP (online order to analyse it from different points of view.
analytical  OLAP business intelligence queries which is used to trends
analysis, financial reporting, sales forecasting, budgeting and
processing) other planning purposes.
 It handles historical data.
 Queries
???

Thank You
Dr. Rajani Kumari