Plato was one of the earliest thinkers to discuss economic concepts in ancient Greece around 400 BC. He touched on topics like money, interest, labor, and trade. For Plato, the economy was connected to moral philosophy and the goal was a just and prosperous society. Aristotle further developed economic theories in the 4th century BC, distinguishing between needs and desires. He also differentiated economic processes of use versus profit. The era of Mercantilism emerged in Europe in the 16th century with a focus on accumulating gold and silver through international trade surpluses. Major figures like Jean Bodin helped spread Mercantilist ideas.
Plato was one of the earliest thinkers to discuss economic concepts in ancient Greece around 400 BC. He touched on topics like money, interest, labor, and trade. For Plato, the economy was connected to moral philosophy and the goal was a just and prosperous society. Aristotle further developed economic theories in the 4th century BC, distinguishing between needs and desires. He also differentiated economic processes of use versus profit. The era of Mercantilism emerged in Europe in the 16th century with a focus on accumulating gold and silver through international trade surpluses. Major figures like Jean Bodin helped spread Mercantilist ideas.
Plato was one of the earliest thinkers to discuss economic concepts in ancient Greece around 400 BC. He touched on topics like money, interest, labor, and trade. For Plato, the economy was connected to moral philosophy and the goal was a just and prosperous society. Aristotle further developed economic theories in the 4th century BC, distinguishing between needs and desires. He also differentiated economic processes of use versus profit. The era of Mercantilism emerged in Europe in the 16th century with a focus on accumulating gold and silver through international trade surpluses. Major figures like Jean Bodin helped spread Mercantilist ideas.
Around 400 BC there have been thoughts about money, interest, labor services, and trade. Evidence: Book "Respublika" by Plato (427 – 347 BC) An economic discussion is not specifically. Part of the moral philosophy. The economic thought is often associated with a sense of justice, worthiness or appropriateness to create a fairly prosperous society equally. Thoughts on the shape of a perfect society or Utopia A.PEMIKIRAN-PEMIKIRAN EKONOMI ZAMAN YUNANI KUNO
1. PLATO (427 – 357 SM)
Sekitar 400 SM sudah ada pemikiran tentang uang, bunga, jasa tenaga kerja dan perdagangan. Bukti : Buku “Respublika” oleh Plato (427 – 347 SM) Pembahasan ekonomi tidak secara khusus. Bagian dari filsafat moral. Pemikiran ekonomi sering dikaitkan dengan rasa keadilan, kelayakan atau kepatutan untuk menciptakan masyarakat adil makmur secara merata. Pemikiran tentang bentuk suatu masyarakat sempurna atau Utopia ..... Plato In an ideal country, progress depends on the division of labor that arises naturally within the community. There are three different types of human work that is work as a regulator or ruler, soldier, and workers, farmers, merchants. According to Plato: the laborers worked to collect treasures, while the rulers and soldiers did not work for the sake of property and had no possessions. They should devote themselves to the country Plato feared the economy and politics ruled by the nobles (aristocrats). They mastered and exploited the numerous slaves (proletariat) ..... Plato Dalam suatu negara ideal, kemajuan tergantung pada pembagian kerja (division of labor) yang timbul secara alamiah dlm masyarakat. Ada 3 jenis pekerjaan manusia yg berbeda-beda yaitu pekerjaan sebagai pengatur atau penguasa, tentara, dan para pekerja,petani, pedagang. Menurut Plato : Kaum pekerja yg bekerja untuk mengumpulkan harta, sedangkan penguasa dan tentara tidak bekerja demi harta dan tidak diperkenankan memiliki harta benda. Mereka harus mengabdikan diri pada negara Plato khawatir perekonomian dan politik dikuasai oleh kaum bangsawan (kaum aristokrat). Mereka menguasai dan mengeksploitasi para budak (kaum proletar) yang jumlahnya banyak. ..... Plato The Plato theory that is still relevant now is the money function. In his book "Politika", money serves as a means of exchange; measuring instruments; and a hoard of wealth.
The ancient Greek period was known as Hedonism = a
materialistic understanding of materialistic development in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Hedonism is a mechanistic understanding of materialism,
which considers the ultimate goal of human life to be egoistic pleasure. Initiated by Aristippus. ..... Plato Teori Plato yang masih relevan sekarang adalah : fungsi uang. Dalam bukunya “ Politika “, uang berfungsi sebagai alat tukar; alat pengukur nilai; alat menimbun kekayaan. Masa Yunani Kuno sudah mengenal Hedonisme = Cikal bakal paham materialistik yg dikembangkan di Eropah pada abad 17 dan 18. Hedonisme merupakan paham materialisme mekanistik yaitu menganggap tujuan akhir dari kehidupan manusia adalah kenikmatan egoistis. Digagas oleh Aristippus. 2. Aristoteles (382-322 BC)
He was the first who saw the economy is a field of
independent discussion - that puts the basic thinking about the theory of value (value) & price. Aristotle's contributions in economics are his thoughts on the exchange of commodities and the use of money in the exchange of goods. 2. Aristoteles (382-322 SM)
Ia adalah orang pertama yang melihat
ekonomi merupakan bidang tersendiri pembahasannya - yang meletakkan pemikiran dasar tentang teori nilai (value) & harga (price). Kontribusi Aristoteles dlm ilmu ekonomi yaitu pemikirannya tentang pertukaran barang (exchange of commodities) dan kegunaan uang dalam pertukaran barang tersebut. 2. Aristoteles (382-322 BC)
Aristotle differentiates between needs (man's
needs) with his desire (man's desire). Aristotle distinguishes the economic process into usability (use) and profit (gain). Distinguishing oeconomia and chrematistic, which is trading is an economic activity that is not driven by the interest (use) motive but profit (gain). Aristotle agreed with the Oeconomia but disagreed with Chrematistike. Aristotle supports barter and condemns the profit-oriented trade 2. Aristoteles (382-322 SM)
Aristoteles membedakan antara kebutuhan (man’s
needs) dengan keinginannya (man’s desire). Aristoteles membedakan proses ekonomi menjadi kegunaan (use) dan keuntungan (gain). Membedakan oeconomia dan chrematistike, yaitu berdagang adalah aktivitas ekonomi yg tidak didorong oleh motif faedah (use) melainkan laba (gain). Aristoteles setuju dengan oeconomia, tetapi tidak setuju dengan chrematistike. Untuk itu, Aristoteles mendukung barter dan mengecam perdagangan yang berorientasi laba 3. Xenophone (440-355BC)
Xenophone is considered to have found the term
Oikos and nomos.
His work: On the Means of Improving the
Revenue of the State of Athens.
In his book, he reveals to increase the revenue of
the state, Athens resources can be optimized to become a trading center a ”seedlings mercantilism” 3. Xenophone (440-355SM)
Xenophone dianggap yang menemukan
istilah oikos dan nomos. Karyanya : On the Means of Improving the Revenue of the State of the Athens. Dalam bukunya, ia mengungkapkan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan negara, sumberdaya Athena dapat dioptimalkan untuk menjadi pusat perdagangan ‘bibit merkantilisme’ 3. Xenophone (440-355BC)
Xenophon also has a sense of tourism. He
encourages the public to serve the visitors who come to be served as well as this will bring prosperity to the community visited. 3. Xenophone (440-355SM)
Xenophone juga punya naluri kepariwisataan.
Ia menganjurkan masyarakat melayani para pengunjung yg datang berwisata dilayani sebaik-baiknya hal ini akan membawa kemakmuran bagi masyarakat daerah yg dikunjungi. B. SCHOLASTICISM The 12th-century European farmers began the process of industrialization.
Economic thought emerged from the Scholastics
(scholasticism)
The main characteristic of scholastic are: The strong
relationship between economics and ethical problems and the amount of attention to the problem of justice
This doctrine can be a powerful influence of church
doctrine. B. PEMIKIRAN KAUM SKOLASTIK
Abad ke-12 petani Eropa memulai proses
industrialisasi. Pemikiran ekonomi muncul dari kaum scolastik (scholasticism) Ciri utama aliran scholastik adalah : Kuatnya hubungan antara ekonomi dengan masalah etis serta besarnya perhatian pada masalah keadilan Ajaran ini dapat pengaruh kuat dari ajaran gereja. Two Key Scholastic Leaders St. Albertus Magnus (1206 – 1280) was a religious philosopher from Germany. His thoughts on the fair and just price are: The price is as big as the costs and energy sacrificed to create the goods. Ethical elements in trading. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) was an Italian theologian and philosopher. His book Summa Theologica, explains the picking up interest from the money lent is unfair because it is the same meaning by selling something that does not exist. Dua Tokoh Utama Skolastik St. Albertus Magnus (1206 -1280) adalah seorang Filsuf Religius dari Jerman. Pemikirannya tentang harga yang adil dan pantas (just price) yaitu : Harga yang sama besarnya dengan biaya-biaya dan tenaga yang dikorbankan untuk menciptakan barang tersebut. Unsur etis dalam perdagangan. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) adalah seorang Teolog dan Filsuf Italia. Bukunya Summa Theologica, menjelaskan memungut bunga dari uang yang dipinjamkan adalah tidak adil sebab ini sama artinya dengan menjual sesuatu yang tidak ada. C. THE ERA OF MERCANTILISM The term mercantilism comes from the merchant word, meaning trader
According to Mercantilism, every country that
wishes to advance must trade with other countries. Source of wealth obtained through foreign trade surpluses which will be received in the form of gold or silver. Money as a result of a trade surplus is a source of power. C. ERA MERKANTILISME Istilah merkantilisme berasal dari kata merchant, artinya pedagang
Menurut Paham merkantilisme, setiap negara yg
berkeinginan untuk maju harus melakukan perdagangan dgn negara lain. Sumber kekayaan diperoleh melalui surplus perdagangan luar negeri yg akan diterima dlm bentuk emas atau perak.Uang sebagai hasil surplus perdagangan adalah sumber kekuasaan. ....Mercantilism Era The understanding of Mercantilism is widely embraced by European countries such as Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, Dutch, in the XVI century.
During the time of the mercantilism of trade and the
rapidly advancing economy, the development of literature has also increased rapidly, economic writings are very advanced, both in number and quality.
From these writings, Adam Smith gained many
resources for writing The book: The Wealth of Nations. ....Era Merkantilisme Paham Merkantilisme banyak dianut negara Eropah seperti Portugis, Spanyol, Inggris, Perancis, Belanda, pada abad ke XVI. Selama era merkantilisme perdagangan dan perekonomian maju pesat, perkembangan literatur juga meningkat pesat sekali, tulisan- tulisan ekonomi sangat maju, baik dalam jumlah maupun mutu. Dari tulisan-tulisan ini Adam Smith memperoleh banyak sumber untuk menulis buku : The Wealth of Nations. MERCANTILISM FIGURES Jean Bodin (1530 – 1596) was a French scientist, the first person to systematically present theories about money & prices. Based on Boudin's theory, Irving Fisher developed the money quantity theory. Thomas Mun (1571 – 1641) a wealthy merchant from England wrote about the benefits of foreign trade. TOKOH-TOKOH MERKANTILISME Jean Bodin (1530 – 1596) adalah ilmuwan Perancis, orang pertama yg sistematis menyajikan teori tentang uang & harga. Berdasarkan teori Boudin inilah Irving Fisher mengembangkan teori Kuantitas Uang.
Thomas Mun (1571 – 1641) seorang
saudagar kaya dari Inggris menulis tentang manfaat perdagangan luar negeri. …..MERCANTILISM FIGURES
Jean-Baptist Colbert (1619 – 1683) was a French official
who was the chief minister in Economics & Finance in the reign of King Louis XVI.
At this time, trading is considered a major source of
prosperity, consequently, the position of the merchants is increasingly important.
There was an alliance between merchants & authorities.
The merchants strengthened & to support the position of rulers. The rulers gave assistance & protection in the form of monopoly, protection, and other privileges. …..TOKOH-TOKOH MERKANTILISME
Jean Babtis Colbert ( 1619 – 1683) adalah pejabat Perancis
yaitu menteri utama di bidang ekonomi & keuangan dlm pemerintahan Raja Louis XVI.
Pada masa ini perdagangan dianggap sumber utama
kemakmuran, konsekuensinya, kedudukan kaum saudagar semakin penting.
Terjadi aliansi antara saudagar & penguasa. Kaum saudagar
memperkuat & mendukung kedudukan penguasa. Penguasapun memberi bantuan & perlindungan berupa monopoli, proteksi, dan keistimewaan-keistimewaan lainnya. …..MERCANTILISM FIGURES
Sir William Petty (1623 – 1687) taught at Oxford
University and wrote a lot about politics. Petty considers the important meaning of work (labor) to be far more important than land resources. It is not the number of workdays that determines the value of an item, but rather the cost needed to keep the worker's still working. David Hume (1711-1776), who wrote the book of the balance of trade, talked about prices partially influenced by the number of goods and partly determined by the amount of money. …..TOKOH-TOKOH MERKANTILISME
Sir William Petty (1623 – 1687) mengajar di Oxford
University dan banyak menulis tentang politik. Petty menganggap penting arti bekerja ( labor ) jauh lebih penting dari sumber daya tanah. Bukan jumlah hari kerja yang menentukan nilai suatu barang, melainkan biaya yang diperlukan untuk menjaga agar para pekerja tersebut dapat tetap bekerja. David Hume ( 1711-1776) seorang filsuf yg menulis buku of the balance of trade, membicarakan tentang harga-harga yg sebagian dipengaruhi oleh jumlah barang dan sebagian lagi ditentukan oleh jumlah uang. …..MERCANTILISM FIGURES
David Hume (1711-1776) who wrote The book
"On The Balance of Trade". It suggests that prices are partially influenced by the number of goods and some are determined by the amount of money. …..TOKOH-TOKOH MERKANTILISME
David Hume ( 1711-1776) seorang filsuf yg
menulis buku “On The Balance of Trade”. Ia mengemukakan tentang harga-harga yg sebagian dipengaruhi oleh jumlah barang dan sebagian lagi ditentukan oleh jumlah uang. D. PHYSIORATIC SCHOOL
Physioratic people thought that a tangible source of wealth
is a natural resource. They called the physiocratism, which is a merger of two words physic = nature and cratain, or Catos = power, which means those who believe in the laws of nature. According to the physiocrats - give human freedom, and let them do their best to each of them. The government does not need to intervene, and nature will organize all parties will be happy and happy, human action will run harmoniously, automatically, and self-regulating. This is the forerunner of laissez-faire-laissez-passers. D. MAZHAB FISIOKRATIS Pokok Pikiran : Kaum fisiokratis menganggap bahwa sumber kekayaan yang nyata adalah sumber daya alam. Aliran ini dinamai aliran physiocratism, yaitu penggabungan dari dua kata physic=alam dan cratain, atau catos = kekuasaan, yg bertarti mereka yang percaya pada hukum alam. Menurut kaum fisiokrat beri manusia kebebasan, dan biarkan mereka melakukan yang terbaik bagi dirinya masing-masing. Pemerintah tidak perlu campur tangan, dan alam akan mengatur semua pihak akan senang dan bahagia, tindakan manusia akan berjalan secara harmonis, otomatis, & bersifat self-regulating. Inilah cikal bakal laissez faire- laissez passer. Physiocratism Figures The main figure of the physiocrat was Francis Quesnay (1694-1774). In 1758 Quesnay wrote the book Tableau Economique, according to him, the process and the phenomena of economic, when viewed in a relationship between one another and others, formed a whole with its own laws. Tokoh Fisiokrat
Tokohutama aliran fisiokrat adalah
Francis Quesnay (1694-1774). Pada tahun 1758 Quesnay menulis buku Tableau Economique, menurutnya proses dan gejala kehidupan ekonomi jika dilihat dalam hubungan antara bagian yang satu dengan yang lain membentuk suatu keseluruhan dengan hukum-hukum tersendiri. Physioratic thought: Quesnay Quesnay divides society into four groups:
Productive society class. They are active to
cultivate soil such as agriculture and mining. Landlord class. An unproductive or sterile class, consisting of merchants and craftsmen. Class of Labour/Labor society that receives wages and salaries from the energy. Pemikiran Fisiokrat : Quesnay
Quesnay membagi masy. dlm empat golongan :
Kelas masyarakat produktif. Yaitu yg aktif mengolah tanah seperti pertanian dan pertambangan. Kelas tuan tanah. Kelas yang tidak produktif atau steril, terdiri dari saudagar dan pengrajin. Kelas masyarakat buruh/labor yang menerima upah dan gaji dari tenaganya. Physioratic thought: Quesnay
Law of the economy in accordance with natural
law. It makes nature (in this case is the land), as the only source of people's prosperity. It includes agriculture, livestock, and mining. The landlord class is considered a community exploiter because they do not get results through work. Industrial and trade activities are considered unproductive because industrial activities only change the shape or nature of goods. Pemikiran Fisiokrat : Quesnay
Hukum ekonomi yang bersesuaian dgn hukum
alam. Ia menjadikan alam, dalam hal ini tanah, sebagai satu-satunya sumber kemakmuran masyarakat. Termasuk pula didalamnya pertanian, peternakan, dan pertambangan. Kelas tuan tanah dianggapnya sebagai pengisap belaka sebab memperoleh hasil tidak melalui kerja. Kegiatan industri dan perdagangan dinilai tidak produktif karena kegiatan industri hanya mengubah bentuk atau sifat barang. Physioratic thought: Quesnay
Trading activities are considered unproductive. This
is because he sees the merchants just moving things from one place to another. Quesnay recommends that the wisdom taken by the Government should be aimed primarily at improving the living standards of the farmers. The patterns and lines of thought posed by Quesnay have been arranged in a basic framework of the specific analysis of the symptoms, events, and economic problems faced by the community. Pemikiran Fisiokrat : Quesnay
Kegiatan perdaganganpun dianggap tidak
produktif. Hal ini karena ia melihat para pedagang hanya memindahkan barang dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain. Quesnay menganjurkan agar kebijaksanaan- kebijaksanaan yang diambil oleh Pemerintah harus ditujukan terutama untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup para petani. Pola dan garis pemikiran yang dikemukakan oleh Quesnay sudah tersusun dalam suatu kerangka dasar analisis tertentu mengenai gejala-gejala, peristiwa-peristiwa,dan masalah-masalah ekonomi yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat. Thank you
Farley Simon Nobre, David Walker, Robert Harris Technological, Managerial and Organizational Core Competencies Dynamic Innovation and Sustainable Development PDF