SH 5107

Industrial Ventilation

Tan Kia Tang

Veronica Chow
Veronica Ong
Specific Hoods

Tan Kia Tang

 ReCap : Exhaust Hoods

1. Types - plain/tapered/slot/flanged/booth…
2. Classification – enclosure/exterior/receiving
3. Hood design principles
4. Air flow rate (Q) - theoretical vs empirical
5. Capture velocity (Vc) : 0.38 – 10 m/s
6. Hood static pressure (SPh)
7. SPh = VP + he
8. he = f x VP
9. Ce = √{1 /(1 + f)}
 Re-cap : Coefficient of Entry
The ratio of the actual hood flow to the theoretical possible
flow that would result if the hood static pressure was
converted completely to the velocity pressure with no entry
losses (i.e. he= 0).
ISPhI= VP + he
If he = 0, ISPh I = VP

Q actual 4005 A  VP  VP
Ce = ------------ = ------------------- = ----------
Q theoretical 4005 A  SPh  SPh

=  {VP / (VP + he)}

=  {VP / (VP + f x VP)}
=  { 1 / (1 + f)}
Ce =  { 1 / (1 + f)}
 Re-cap : Hood Design Principles
Principle Example
1 Enclose the operation as much as Use enclosure hood
possible
2 Locate the hood as close to the emission The 10% face velocity at 1
source as possible diameter away rule; v ∞ 1 / X2
3 Locate the hood to receive the contaminant Receiving hood
4 Remove the contaminant away from the Use lateral slot hood instead of
breathing zone canopy hood
5 Capture the contaminant with sufficient Q=VxA
velocity & airflow = V m3/s/m2 x (WxL) m2
6 Protect hoods from cross draft Relocate hood or increase
capture velocity or enclose the
hood
7 Ensure even air flow into the hoods Use vane, or baffles or change to
a slot hood
8 Provide flanges or baffles wherever Use flange to reduce the flow rate
possible to eliminate airflow from or to increase the capture velocity
contaminant-free zones
 Re-cap : Flowrate Q – Area Method

Surface Area of Airflow Rate

Airflow
Q

V W A=LxW Q = V x (L x W)
L
Q  
Q =  X2 x V
A = (4  X2) / 4
V X
=  X 2 

V A = (2X L) / 4 Q = (XL / 2) V
= X L / 2
L
X
 Re-cap : Flow Rate – Empirical Formula
plain duct, circular or rectangular tapered hood, bell hood,
multiple slot hood

Q = 0.75 V (10 X2 + A) with flanging

Re-cap : Flow Rate – Empirical Formula

Q = V (5X2 + A) without flanging

Q = 0.75 V(5X2 + A) with flanging

Re-cap : Flow Rate – Empirical Formula
- free hanging slot hood

Q = 3.7 V X L without flanging

Q = 2.6 V X L with flanging

Q is independent of slot width (w)

Narrowing the slot width will not increase the capture velocity
Simple Hood vs Compound Hood
Simple Hood Compound Hood

Compound hood
Simple hood
e.g. booth with slots
e.g. booth
SPh = he + VP
 Compound Hood - Indirect Take-off

Exhaust take-off is not directly

behind the slot
90 degree change in air direction:
VPs acceleration is not regained

SPh = (hes + VPs) + (hed + VPd)e

hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd
 Compound Hood – Direct Take-off
Exhaust take-off is directly
behind the slot
No change in air direction
VPs acceleration is regained

SPh = hes + (hed + VPd*)

hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd

*Use VPd or VPs whichever is larger

VPd is usually > VPs
 Compound Hood - Summary
Indirect Take-off
SPh = (hes + VPs) + (hed + VPd)
hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd

Direct Take-off
SPh = hes + (hed + VPd*)
hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd

*use VPd or VPs whichever is larger

Hood Construction Materials
 Hood / Duct - Construction Materials
Material Condition
Galvanized sheet For low temperature & non-
metal corrosive contaminants
< 200°C (MP of zinc 420°C)
Black iron < 480°C
Stainless steel > 480°C (MP 1400°C)
Aluminum < 400° C (MP 660°C)
PVC or other plastics For corrosive contaminants

Galvanized sheet metal is not recommended for

temperature > 200°C
Galvanised Sheet Metal, Stainless Steel, Aluminum,
Black Iron & PVC Ducts
Material Cost
Galvanized Coated with a thin layer of zinc. The zinc coating protects
sheet metal the steel beneath it from rust and corrosion.

Black iron Covered in iron oxide during the manufacturing

process. Less expensive than galvanised steel. May rust
easily in wet or humid environments.
Stainless Made by adding chromium to molten steel.
steel It is unusually strong and resistant to rusting.
4 to 5x more expensive than galvanised steel.
Aluminum Cheaper & lighter than stainless steel.
Challenge to fabricate & install as ductwork and require
special welding techniques.
PVC Corrosion resistant but flammable
Eco-unfriendliness; Less expensive than steel
 Hood Construction - Thickness

1. Thickness at least 2 gauges heavier than the

connecting duct
2. Provide a tapered transition piece between
the hood & exhaust duct
 Scope

 Paint booth
 Fume cupboard
 Welding hood
 Grinding / buffing hood
 Open surface tank
 Push – pull hood
 Canopy hood for hot process
 Biological safety cabinets
 Air curtain fume cupboard
 Low volume - high velocity exhaust
 Paint Spray Booth

Air Cleaner is within the Hood

 Spray Painting

Composition of paint
- solvent, pigment, adhesive, additives
Hazards of spray painting
- flammable & toxic substances

Spray Painting
Booth
 Spray Painting Booth
Air distribution and face velocity

Top View

Face velocity is not uniform across an open face booth

 Face Velocity Improvement – Slots /
Baffles / Filters

open
face slot
booth

Slots, baffles or filters to equalize face velocity

baffles

filters
 Small Paint Booth

Side view

Front view

Baffles or filters act as air cleaner

Small Paint Booth
 Large Paint Booth
Side view

Front view
Large Paint Booth
 Large Drive through Spray Paint Booth

Top view

Side view
Painting Booth Exhaust
- water wash / curtain

Water curtain acts as air cleaner

 Eddy Current
shadow booth deep booth

leakag
e Eddy
current

“Leakage” from eddies in Deep booth is better than

shadow booth shadow booth
Exhaust Booth - Operator’s Position Effects

Operator’s back facing the air stream vs

operator’s side facing the air stream
Fume Cupboard
 Fume Hoods - Evolution

Face velocity is fixed & not uniform

Vertical sash

Sash to control face velocity but the velocity is not uniform

 Fume Hoods - Evolution
Baffles to even air distribution

baffles
 Fume Hoods - Evolution

Bypass to maintain the face velocity

 Fume Hood Components

Bypass

Sash

Air Foil Baffles

 Fume Hoods – Face Velocity

Year Face Velocity

Years ago 50 fpm (0.25 m/s)
1950s 75, 100, 125 fpm (0.65 m/s)
1960s 150, 200 fpm (1 m/s)
1980s Eddy current effect @ high velocity
60 – 100 fpm (0.5 m/s)
Recommended Max. 125 fpm (0.65 m/s)

High Velocity Eddies High Velocity Contaminant Roll

 Laboratory (Fume) Hoods
- best practices
Fume Cupboard Recommendation

Face velocity of hood Optimal: 0.5 m/s

Max. 0.65 m/s
Velocity profile at hood face Must be uniform
Object to hood face Not less than 0.15 m at inside or outside
of hood
Cross-draft at hood face < 0.25 m/s
Supplied-air velocity 0.25 m/s; wall grilles preferred
Hood’s location Away from doors & traffic ways

Wake Eddies
Fume Hood - Features

• Baffles with:
Upper slot: 12.5 mm
Lower slot: 62.5 mm
• Sash
• Bypass air
• Beveled jambs (sloping
edge of a frame)
• Airfoil sill
• Auxiliary-air-supply
Typical Laboratory Hood -
vertical sash
Typical Laboratory Hood -
horizontal sash
Welding Hoods
Welding Hoods
Portable LEV System
Welding Hoods
 General Ventilation for Welding

General ventilation rate >> Local exhaust ventilation rate

Welding Bench Hood

Slot hood is a compound hood

Grinding & Buffing Hoods :
Receiving Hoods
Grinding Wheel Hood
Buffing and Polishing
Hand Grinding Bench
Belt Conveying Head Pulley
Screens
Abrasive Blasting Chamber
 Glove Hood
- for high-toxicity & radioactive materials
Improvised Enclosure with LEV for Solvent Degreasing
Indoor firing range ventilation
Lateral Slot Hoods for Open Surface
Tanks
 Hoods for Open Surface Tanks

1 Lateral exhaust hoods (compound hoods)

Single lateral slot hoods
Two slot hoods on opposite sides of tank
Two slot hoods at center

2 Enclosing exhaust hoods

(with side panels or front face)

3 Canopy hoods (cold process)

a.Four sides open
b.Three sides open

4 Push-pull ventilation
push jet on one side of tank with a lateral exhaust hood
on the other side.
Lateral exhaust hoods
(compound hoods)
Lateral Exhaust Hood – single slot hood

W <= 0.5 m

L
W L W
Q cms = V m3/s/m2/x (W x L) m2
Q cfm = V ft3/min/ft2 x (W x L) ft2
 Open Surface Tank (1)
VS-70-01
Min. 300 mm

Plenum acts as flange

Slot sized for 10 m/s

Upward Plenum – Indirect Take-off

Lateral Exhaust Hood
Open Surface Tank (2)
VS-70-01

Partial cover advisable if

possible: on any type tank 2S

Min. 300 mm

Downward Plenum – Indirect Take-off

Open Surface Tank (3)
VS-70-01

Min. 300 mm

Central Slot – Indirect Take-off

 Lateral Exhaust Hood:
Centerline – Indirect Take-off

Desirable:
W: 0.5 – 0.9 m
Must: L
W: 0.9 – 1.2 m
W
 Lateral Exhaust Hood:
Opposite Sides – Indirect Take-off

Desirable:
W: 0.5 – 0.9 m
Must:
L
W: 0.9 – 1.2 m
W
Open Surface Tank (4)
VS-70-02

To suit work
Work gives off
vapors after removal
from tank

Pickling Tank – Indirect Take-off

Open Surface Tank (5)
VS-70-02

Min. 300 mm
Extend over
tank as far as
possible

Lateral - Indirect Take-off

 Open Surface Tank (6)
VS-70-02

Inside radius desirable if space permit

Max. plenum velocity = ½ slot velocity

Min. 2S

Slot velocity 10 m/s

Sloped plenum desirable

End (Direct) Take-off

End Take-off
 Enclosing Exhaust Hoods
(with side panels or front face)
 Enclosing Exhaust Hood
with side panels

(b)

Side panel

(a) (c)
Enclosing Exhaust Hood
with front face
Canopy Hoods for Open Surface Tanks
- Cold Process
Canopy Hood – Cold Process

45° min

0.4H H
V
Tank or
process

Q depends on H, L, W, V & no of sides open

SP = VP + he
he = 0.25 VPd
Duct velocity = 1,000 to 3,000 fpm
(5 to 15 m/s)
 Canopy Hood – Cold Process
• Four open sides
Q = 1.4PHV
P = perimeter of tank

45° min
• Three open sides
Q = (2W + L)HV
or
Q = (W + 2L)HV
0.4H H
V • Two adjacent sides
open
Q = (W + L)HV
Tank or
process
• One side open
Q = W HV
or
Q = LHV
 Free Suspended Canopy Hood
(4 Open Sides)

Area approach
Q = (4 vertical openings + hood opening beyond the L &
W of the source) x control velocity V
= (PH + 0.4 PH) x V
= 1.4 PHV

L Top view
0.4 H W
 Open Surface Tank :
Exhaust Flowrate Q Determination
Open Surface Tank Exhaust Rate
(4 Steps)

1 Determine hazard potential

A, B, C, D
2 Determine evolution rate
1, 2 ,3, 4
3 Determine control velocity
4 Determine volume flow rate
 Step 1
Determination of Hazard Potential (Table 1)

Hazard Hygiene Standards

Potential Gas & Vapour Mist Flash Point

A 0 - 10 ppm 0 - 0.1 mg/m3 -

B 11 - 100 ppm 0.11 - 1.0 mg/m3 < 100 F

(< 38 C)
C 101 - 500 ppm 1.1 – 10 mg/m3 100 – 200 F
(38 – 93 C)

D > 500 ppm > 10 mg/m3 > 200 F

(> 93 C)
 Step 2
Determination of Rate of Gas, Vapor or Mist Evolution (Table 2)

Rate Liquid Degree below Relative Evaporation Gassing

Temperature boiling point (time for 100%
evaporation)
1 > 200 F 0 – 20 F Fast (0 – 3 hr) High
(> 93 C) (0 – 11 C)

2 150 – 200 F 21 – 50 F Medium (3 – 12 hr) Medium

(66 – 93 C) (11 – 28 C)

3 94 – 149 F 51 – 100 F Slow (12 – 50 hr) Low

(34 – 65 C) (28 – 55 C)

4 < 94 > 100 F Nil (> 50 hr) Nil

(< 34 C) (> 55 C)
 Step 3
Minimum Control Velocity (Table 3)
Hazard class Enclosing Hood Lateral Canopy Hood
Exhaust b
1 Open Side 2 Open Sides 3 Open Sides 4 Open Sides

A-1ª & 100 fpm 150 fpm 150 fpm Do not use Do not use
A-2ª (0.5 m/s) (0.75 m/s) (0.75 m/s)
75 fpm 100 fpm 100 fpm 125 fpm 175 fpm
A-3ª, B-1, (0.38 m/s) (0.5 m/s) (0.5 m/s) (0.63 m/s) (0.88 m/s)
B-2 & C-1

B-3, C-2 65 fpm 90 fpm 75 fpm 100 fpm 150 fpm

& D-1c (0.33 m/s) (0.45 m/s) (0.38 m/s) (0.5 m/s) (0.75 m/s)

A-4ª, C-3 50 fpm 75 fpm 50 fpm 75 fpm 125 fpm

& D-2c (0.25 m/s) (0.38 m/s) (0.25 m/s) (0.38 m/s) (0.63 m/s)

B-4, C-4, Adequate general room ventilation required

D-3c & D-4

ª do not use canopy hood

b
use aspect ratio (W/L) to determine exhaust volume (see Table 4)
c
design as next highest class where complete control of hot water is desired
Step 4 - Minimum Rate cfm/ft2 (cms/m2) of Tank Area for Lateral Exhaust (Table 4)
Min. Control Tank Width (W) / Tank Length (L)
Velocity
fpm (m/s) 0.0 – 0.09 0.1 – 0.24 0.25 – 0.49 0.50 – 0.99 1.0 – 2.0
(see Note 2)

Hood against wall or flanged (see Note 1)

50 (0.25) 50 (0.25) 60 (0.30) 75 (0.38) 90 (0.45) 100 (0.50)

75 (0.38) 75 (0.38) 90 (0.45) 110 (0.55) 130 (0.65) 150 (0.75)

100 (0.50) 100 (0.50) 125 (0.63) 150 (0.75) 175 (0.88) 200 (1.00)

150 (0.75) 150 (0.75) 190 (0.95) 225 (1.13) 250 (1.25) @ 250 (1.25) @
Hood on free standing tank (see Note 1)

50 (0.25) 75 (0.38) 90 (0.45) 100 (0.50) 110 (0.55) 125 (0.63)

75 (0.38) 110 (0.55) 130 (0.65) 150 (0.75) 170 (0.85) 190 (0.95)

100 (0.50) 150 (0.75) 175 (0.88) 200 (1.00) 225 (1.13) 250 (1.25)

150 (0.75) 225 (1.13) 250 (1.25) @ 250 (1.25) @ 250 (1.25) @ 250 (1.25) @

Note 1: Use W/2 as tank width in computing W/L ratio for hood along centerline or two parallel sides of tank.
Note 2: L=> 1.8 m, multiple takeoffs desirable. L=> 3 m, multiple takeoffs necessary. W/L>1, undesirable and
W/L > 2, not practical to ventilate across the long side.
@
: While 250 cfm/ft2 (1.25 cms/m2) may not produce 150 fpm (0.75 m/s) control velocity at all aspect ratios,
this rate is considered adequate for control.
Dip Tank

Q = 125 cfm/ft2
Slot velocity = 2,000 fpm
Min duct velocity = 2,000 fpm
Push-Pull Hood for Big Open Surface
Tank
 Push-Pull Hood

 A nozzle pushes a jet of of air across the tank surface into an exhaust
hood

 Push nozzle can be round, square or rectangular or a horizontal slot

 Push jet angle max 20 degree downward

 Exhaust flow rate = 0.38 m3/s/m2 of tank surface area (independent of

the hazard class)

 Control velocity is achieved by the push jet blowing over the tank

 The exhaust hood is to capture and remove the jet flow, not to provide
capture velocity
 Push-Pull Hood

For large open surface tank. Exhaust

hood receives and removes the
contaminant laden air flow supplied
by the jet.

Metric units:

Exhaust flow QE : 0.38 to 0.46 cms/m2

Total push nozzle supply Qs

= Qj x L
= 0.675 √ Aj x L

Qj = push nozzle supply (cms per m of tank length)

Aj = total nozzle opening (m2 per m of tank or manifold length)

or (slot width cm / 100 m) x tank length m / tank length m

L = the length of tank or manifold in m

 Push-Pull Hood

slot

Q0 x Qx
V0 Vx

Conservation of Momentum
momentum at push slot = momentum at distance (x) from slot

moVo = mxVx
oAoVo2 = xAxVx2
Since o = x
AoVo2 = AxVx2
QoVo = QxVx

Qx / Qo = Vo / Vx
 Push-Pull Hood
Flow equation:
Qx / Qo = { [(ax/bo) + 0.41] } / 1.2

Qx = Jet flow rate at a distance x from nozzle

Qo = Push nozzle supply flow
a = Nozzle coefficient (0.13 for slots & pipes)
x = Distance from nozzle
bo = Slot width (for wall jet)

Velocity equation:
Vx / Vo = 1.2 /  [(ax/bo) + 0.41]

Vo = Push nozzle exit air velocity

Vx = Peak push jet velocity at distance x (0.76-1.02 m/s)

Slot width: 3 to 6 mm
Holes: 4 to 6 mm diameter with 3 to 8 diameters spacing
bo = full width for slot against a surface (wall jet) or 1/2 slot width for freely suspended jet
Pipes with holes, slot width = equivalent area slot width.
Push-Pull Hood
 Push-Pull Hood (continued)

0.675

3 2

(QE independent of hazard class, flanged pull hood whenever practical)

Canopy Hood for Hot Process
 Canopy Hoods

Receiving hood
Exterior Hood
Q : Empirical Formula
Q : Area Method
 Canopy Hoods

exterior hood receiving hood spill-over

Hot Process: Canopy Hood

Hood, Df

Plume
Dc
 Hot Process: Canopy Hood
Df

Dc
Rising hot air mixes
turbulently with the 0.5 0.5
surrounding air, m/s m/s
hot air column
increasing the air
column diameter &
hot source
flow rate

hypothetical source
 High Circular Canopy Hood for Hot Process
Metric or US units
Qt = Vf Ac + Vr(Af - Ac) for Vf  Vr
if Vf  Vr design for cold process
Df = Dc + 0.8y

Qt = Total volume entering hood, m3/s or cfm

Vf = Velocity of hot air column at hood surface, m/s or fpm
Vr = Required air velocity through remaining hood area,
usually 0.5 m/s or 100 fpm
Ac = π (Dc/2)2 ; Area of hot air column at hood face, m2 or ft2
Af = π (Df/2)2 ; Total area of hood surface, m2 or ft2
Dc = Diameter of hot air column at hood surface, m or ft
Df = Diameter of hood face, m or ft
y = Process surface to hood surface, m or ft
 High Circular Canopy Hood for Hot Process
Metric Unit

Dc = 0.433 Xc0.88 canop

Df
Xc = y + z; y
z = (2.6 Ds) 1.138
Dc hood

Vf = 0.084 (As)0.33 (Dt)0.42 / (Xc) 0.25 y

Dc = Diameter of hot air column at hood surface,
m
Xc = y + z; hypothetical point source to hood Ds X
surface, m
y = Process surface to hood surface, m
hot source
z = Hypothetical point source to process surface,
m
Ds = Diameter of hot source, m z
Vf = Velocity of hot air column at hood surface,
m/s
As = Area of hot source, m2
hypothetic
Dt = Temp. difference between hot source & al source
ambient air, oC
High Circular Canopy Hood for Hot Process

US units
Dc = 0.5 Xc0.88
Xc = y + z;
canopy
z = (2 Ds) 1.138
hood
Vf = 8 (As)0.33 (Dt)0.42 / (Xc) 0.25
y
Dc : ft
Xc = y + z, ft hot source
y: ft
z: ft z hypothetical
Ds : ft source
Vf : fpm
As : ft2
Dt : oF
 5 Steps Calculation

1 Distance from point source to hood face, Xc

2 Diameter of hot air column at hood face, Dc

3 Velocity of hot air column at hood face, Vf

4 Diameter of hood face, Df

5 Total volume flow rate, Qt

High Rectangular Canopy Hoods for Hot Process

Calculate all dimensions for length & width separately as per

circular hood design

Use the smaller value of Xc or (y + z) to obtain a conservative

(higher) velocity of hot air column at hood surface Vf

Calculate the total exhaust volume Qt based on Vf and the

rectangular dimension of the source and hood.
 Low Circular Canopy Hood for hot process
Q

Distance between hood & hot source <

diameter of source or 1m, whichever is
smaller
Diameter of hot air column  diameter of
source Df
Diameter Df or side dimension of hood
= diameter of source Ds + 0.3 m or 1 ft Y<3
Ds ft

Metric units US Units:

Qt = 0.045 (Df)2.33 (Dt)0.42 Qt = 4.7 (Df)2.33 (Dt)0.42

Qt = total hood air flow, m3/s Qt : cfm

Df = diameter of hood, m Df : ft
Dt = difference between temp Dt : ºF
of hot source & ambient, ºC
Low Rectangular Canopy Hood for Hot Process

US units:
Metric units
Qt = 0.06 W1.33 (Dt)0.42 L Qt = 6.2 W1.33 (Dt)0.42 L

Qt = total hood air flow, m3/s Qt : cfm

W = width of hood, m W : ft
L = length of hood, m L : ft
Dt = difference between temp Dt : ºF
of hot source & ambient ºC
 Biosafety Cabinets

A biosafety cabinet (BSC)—also called a biological

safety cabinet or microbiological safety cabinet—is an
enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely
working with materials contaminated with (or potentially
contaminated with) pathogens 
 Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC)

Ventilated cabinet for personnel & environmental

protection from pathogens
3 classes of BSC for biological agents of different
risk-groups

Biosafety Safety Level BSL 2 - Class I or II BSC

Biosafety Safety Level BSL 3 - Class II or III BSC
Biosafety Safety Level BSL 4 - Class III BSC
 Biological Safety Level (BSL) Laboratory

Biosafety Level 2 (BSL 2)

•For work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the
environment.
•e.g. hepatitis B virus, measles virus, Salmonellae; Immunization or antibiotic is
available.

Biosafety Level 3 (BSL 3)

•For work with infectious agents which may cause serious or
potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by inhalation route
•e.g. M. tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Coxiella burnetii

Biosafety Level 4 (BSL 4)

•For work involving agents which pose a high individual risk of
aerosol-transmitted laboratory infectious and life-threatening disease
•e.g. Ebola, Nipah virus
 Class I BSC

• Face velocity 0.38 m/s (75 fpm)

• 100% exhausted through a High

Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter

• Filtered air discharged

into the room or outside the building

• Un-sterilized air is drawn in, thus not

reliable for product production
 Class II Type A1 BSC

Face velocity 0.38 - 0.51

m/s (75 - 100 fpm)

HAPA-filtered air supply to

work surface

70% air re-circulates; 30%

air exhausts through a
HEPA filter

Exhaust air discharges

to the room or outside the
building
 Class III BSC (Glove Box)
 Totally enclosed, ventilated through HEPA & gas-tight.
 Operations under –ve pressure (≥ 0.5” w.g.) through gloves.
 Exhausted air must be discharged to the outside environment.
 Thimble Connection

The thimble fits over the cabinet's exhaust housing, sucking

the air expelled from the cabinet into ducts that lead outside. A
small opening (usually 5 cm wide) is maintained between the
thimble and the cabinet's exhaust housing. This opening
enables room air to be drawn into the exhaust ducting system

Schematic diagram of a thimble

connection for a Class II type A2
biological safety cabinets ducted directly
outside the laboratory
 HEPA Filter
• “High efficiency particulate air” filter

• HEPA filter traps 99.97% of 0.3 u particles and

99.99% of other particles

• It virtually traps all infectious agents

 Laminar Flow Clean Benches
Draft
 laminar flow clean bench supplies HEPA-filtered air (free of
microorganisms and aerosols) to maintain the sterility of materials (the
"product")
A: front opening
B: supply grille
C: supply HEPA
filter
A: front
opening D: supply
plenum
B: sash
E: blower
C: supply
HEPA filter F: grille HEPA
filter
D: blower

 laminar flow clean bench blows unfiltered exhaust air towards the

user and is not safe for work with pathogenic agents
 Primary Barriers & Types of Protection
Personnel Product Environment
Clean benches √
(protection from particulates)
Chemical fume cupboards (hoods) √
(Protection from gases & vapours)
Biological safety cabinets – class II & III √ √ √
(protection from particulates)
Selection of a BSC
Air-curtain Fume Hood
Industrial Health 2007, 45, 804-816

Air-curtain fume hood

– effects of walk-by & sash movement
on contaminant leakage

R F Huang, H D Chen, C H Hung

Department of mechanical Engineering
National Taiwan University of Science & Technology
 Air-curtain hood vs Convention Hood

Air-curtain Conventional
Side View Side View
Convention Fume Cupboard

 Dimension:
148 cm X 132 cm X 58 cm

 hood opening 113 cm X 50 cm

 Face velocity 0.5 mps

 Flow rate 0.28 m3/s

 Baffle @ 3 cm from back panel

 Sash @ 50 cm ht.
 Air-curtain Fume Cupboard
• Dimension: 148 X 132 X 58 cm3

• Suction slot: 113 cm X 3 cm

• suction vel. (Vs): 6, 8, 10, 12 m/s

• Sash nozzle (push jet):

113 cm X 2 cm

• jet vel. (Vb): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 m/s

 Leakage Testing

• Generate trace gas (SF6) inside hood

• Measure gas conc. outside hood
• Observe smoke flow pattern
• Walk-by or draft test
• Sash movement test
 Trace Gas Generation

Top View

• SF6 (10% in N2)

• 9 gas injectors (3 X 3)
• 20 cm from sash or hood opening
• Q = 4.5 lpm
• velocity = 0.07 mps
• released horizontally towards hood opening
 Gas Leak Measurement

Front View

• 20 sampling points (4 X 5)
• 5 cm from sash or hood opening
• Miran SapphIReTM IR analyser
• 0.001 ppm sensitivity
Walk-by Simulation

Flat rectangular plate

• 190 cm X 40 cm X 2
cm
• velocity = 1 mps
• 6 traverses
• 30 s separation time
 Sash Movement Test

• Flat rectangular plate:

50 cm X 113 cm

• Open in 1s for 6 min

• Close in 1 s for 4 min
• Open in 1 s for 6 min
Conventional Fume Cupboard
- walk-by or draft test results
 Air-curtain Fume Cupboard
- walk-by or draft test results
 Air-curtain Fume Cupboard
- walk-by or draft test results
 Sash Movement Test Results

Conventional hood
Face vel. 0.5 m/s

Air-curtain hood
Suction vel. 6 m/s
Jet vel. 1 m/s
 Conclusion
Conventional Air-curtain hood
Hood
Parameter 0.5 m/s face jet vel 1m/s; suction vel
velocity 6 m/s
Performance drastic improvement
Walk-by or draft 100 ppm = 1 ppm 10-1 ppm = 0.1 ppm
test – SF6 conc.

Sash-movement 100 ppm = 1 ppm 10-3 ppm = 0.001 ppm

test – SF6 conc.

Required flow 20% less

rate
Low Volume – High Velocity Exhaust
 Low Volume - High Velocity Exhaust
• Exhausting low Q (0.05 to 0.10
m3/s)
- 10% of conventional exterior hood
• High velocity (50 m/s)
• High SP (24 – 47 kPa)

• Applications: particulate hazards

Machine tools: highly toxic
materials, e.g. beryllium
Portable tools:
- buffing / grinding
- drilling, sanding
- pneumatic drilling
 Applications
Low Volume-high Velocity
Exhaust System
 Low Volume-High
Velocity Exhaust

Peripheral dust captured

Disadvantages:
1. Small part suck into hood 24 - 47 kPa
2. Coolants disturbed
3. High noise level

Fine dust controlled

Heavy particles
Minimum Volume & Hose Sizes

3
m /s mm

0.06 25
0.09 51
0.09 51
0.07 38

0.06 38
0.07 38
0.07 38
0.06 38
0.06 38
0.07 38
0.06 38
0.07 38
Minimum Volume & Hose Sizes (cont.)

3 mm
m /s
0.09 51
0.12 51
0.08 38
0.06 38
0.08 38
0.07 38
0.07 38
0.28 76
0.07 38
The End