Instrumental

music
Classicism
Anahí Cepeda Misut 2ºD
•Index:
• What is the instrumental music?

• Chamber music

• Sonata form

• Sonata

• Symphony

• Concerto

• Most important instruments

• References
•What is the instrumental music?
•Classic means, in general, the beautiful, full of perfection and harmony, as well as simple and understandable.

•There is a noticeable improvement in instrumental technical quality.

•- Characteristics:

• They establish the fixed structures of the most important forms of this era.

• The symphony orchestra becomes a formation formed by instruments of rubbed string, wind and
percussion and there is an increase in the number of performers, both on the string and in the wind, these
going on to play a more melodic role.

• The figure of the director is dissociated from the interpretation. In the first decades the orchestra from the
first violin (concertino) until it will adopt a role independent of the instrument.

• The replacement of the harpsichord by the piano as a solo instrument becomes progressive since in the
works it disappears the basso continuo.

•- Pianoforte:

•The piano or pianoforte was invented by B. Cristofori in 1710. The name is due to the ease of the instrument
to perform nuances "forte" and "piano". Its mechanics consisted of: wooden hammers they hit the ropes and
then return to their original position. The sound is less metallic, softer. The strings are placed parallel to the
keyboard.
• Chamber music:
• It generally consists of two to twelve musicians, one for each
melodic part, and all parts have the same category. Chamber music of
around 1750 was mainly composed for string quartet (two violins, a
viola and a cello), although duets, trios and quintets have also been
popular, the latter with four stringed instruments and a piano or wind
instrument. This music was, in principle, intended for private
performances. Public chamber music concerts began to take place
only from the nineteenth century.

• There are two details that allow a chamber work to be fully

characterized: each musician plays a different part and there is no
director; musicians must be situated so that they can look at each
other, to achieve the best coordination. Works for solo instruments
are not included. The word camera implies that music can be
performed in a room, with an atmosphere of intimacy.

Chamber Music Recitals - Morey Ritt, coordinator - Bing video

(13:00)
•Sonata form:
•The sonata form is a musical form widely employed since the beginning of
Classicism. It is usually used in the first movement of a piece of several movements,
although it is sometimes used in the following movements as well. The study of the
sonata form in music theory is based on a standard definition and a series of
hypotheses about the underlying reasons about the duration and variety of the form.

• Introduction

The introduction section is optional, or may be reduced to a minimum. If it is

extended, it is, in general, slower than the main section and frequently focuses on the
dominant key. It may or may not contain material that is later stated in the exposition.
The introduction increases the weight of the movement and also permits the composer
to begin the exposition with a theme that would be too light to start on its own.

• Exposition

The primary thematic material for the movement is presented in the exposition. This
section can be further divided into several sections. The same section in most sonata
form movements has prominent harmonic and thematic parallelisms (although in some
works from the 19th century and onward, some of these parallelisms are subject to
considerable exceptions).
 • Development

• It will usually consist of one or more themes from the exposition altered and on occasion juxtaposed and may include new
material or themes—though exactly what is acceptable practice is a point of contention. Alterations include taking material
through distant keys, breaking down of themes and sequencing of motifs, and so forth.

• Recapitulation

• The recapitulation is an altered repeat of the exposition, and consists of:

• First subject group – normally given prominence as the highlight of a recapitulation, it is usually in exactly the same key and
form as in the exposition.

• Transition – often the transition is carried out by introducing a novel material: a kind of an additional brief development. It is
called a "secondary development".

• Second subject group – usually in roughly the same form as in the exposition, but now in the home key, which sometimes
involves change of mode from major to minor, or vice versa.

• Coda

• The coda is optional in Classical-era works, but became essential in many Romantic works. After the final cadence of the
recapitulation, the movement may continue with a coda that will contain material from the movement proper. Codas, when
present, vary considerably in length, but like introductions are not generally part of the "argument" of the work in the Classical
era.

Mozart - Piano Sonata No. 16 "Sonata semplice", K.545 (1788) {Ingrid Haebler} - Bing video
• Sonata:
• The sonata is a form composed of two parts, easily differentiable since the
first is usually repeated and sometimes the last one also does. At the
beginning of the first part, called Exposition, the composer presents the main
ideas. After introducing this main topic, the second topic is introduced. It
usually has a more lyrical and calm character. After introducing the second
theme, a small transition part leads back to the first theme and cadence.

• The second part, called Development, usually begins with the first theme
played in the tone of the dominant. The composer will exploit the
possibilities of the themes of the Exhibition, he will fragment and rework
them creating new combinations and sequences and usually the tension of
the work will increase considerably.

• After reaching that point, the return of the themes of the exhibition in their
original form is prepared: recapitulation. In the works of greater extension,
after presenting the themes of the exhibition at the end of the Development,
a part called coda is usually included, which is a more or less free part where
the composer rounds off the end of the work.

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart "Cuarteto nº 21 en Re mayor, K 575" – YouTube

• Symphony:

• Symphony, a lengthy form of musical composition for

orchestra, normally consisting of several large sections, or
movements, at least one of which usually employs sonata form
(also called first-movement form). Symphonies in this sense
began to be composed during the so-called Classical period in
European music history, about 1740–1820.

• Chord-generated melodies (those arising from arpeggiated

triads, or three-note chords) abound in 18th-century
symphonies, among which a number of stereotyped “theme
families” can be distinguished. These furnished raw material
for further development. In fact, composers’ originality found
expression not so much in their original themes as in the
realization of the implications of those themes later in the
composition.

• Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 - The Radio Philharmonic Orche

stra and Markus Stenz - Live Concert HD - Bing video
• Concerto:

• In the mid-eighteenth century, the decisive musical change that meant

the passage from Baroque to classicism could not fail to affect the
concert.

• Apart from the brief flowering of a French derivative called the

concertante symphony, the concerto died and gave way to the
symphony, which retained much of its features. However, the solo
concerto persisted as a way to demonstrate the virtuosity of
composers, who, through it, could perform their own work.

• During classicism, the concert grew even more. Its structure was the
reflection of a commitment to the traditional form of the ritornello, in
a display of virtuosity, as well as the new forms and styles developed
with the symphony. The first movements were built as a variant of the
ritornello. Both this and the first solo section resembled the section of
the exposition of the first movement of a symphony.

• The rest of the movement also followed a similar development to the

first movement of a symphony, but with the soloist and orchestra
playing together or alternately. The final movement was usually a
rondo with a kind of recurring chorus.
Strings Wind Percussion

•Pianoforte • Clarinet • Glockenspiel

•Violin • Piccolo • Tubular bells
•Viola • Oboe • Concert snare
•Cello • Bassoon drum
•Double bass • Saxophone • Timpani
•Cimbalom Lute • Harmonica • Xylophone
•Viol • Marimba
•Guitar • Handbell
•Baryton • Cowbell
•Arpeggione • Crotales
•Viola d'amore • Concert bass drum
•Mandolin • Clash cymbals
•Piccolo mandolin • Vibraphone
•Mandola Octave
mandolin
•References

• TEMA 10: LA MÚSICA INSTRUMENTAL EN EL CLASI

CISMO (iesjuandopazo.es)

• Chamber music – Wikipedia

• Sonata form – Wikipedia

• symphony | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica

• List of classical instruments | Classical Music Wiki | Fando

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