STEEL

• Steel is the most suitable building material

among metallic materials.
• This is due to a wide range and combination of
physical and mechanical properties that steels
can have.
• By suitably controlling the carbon content,
alloying elements and heat treatment, a desired
combination of hardness, ductility, and strength
can be obtained in steel
 Manufacturing Methods
1. Bessemer process
2. Cementation process
3. Crucible process
4. Open Hearth process
5. Electric Smelting process
6. Duplex process
7. Lintz and Donawitz (L.D.) process
 various market forms of steel
• Angle sections
• Channel sections
• corrugated sheets
• Flat bars
• Square bars
• I-selections
• Plates
• Round bars
• T-section
 TEST FOR REINFORCEMENT BARS
• Following strength test are measured by
tensile testing machine (UTM)
– Yield Strength
– Ultimate tensile Strength
– Elongation at failure
 HYSD BAR
• They have ribs or deformation on the surface,
which inhibit the longitudinal movement of
bar relative to surrounding concrete.
•  In this type of steel, after undergoing the heat
treatment process, the hot steel rods are
either heat rolled or cold twisted for shaping,
thus making them both thermally and
mechanically treated.
 TOR STEEL BAR
• The technical term for TOR (Toristeg Steel
Corporation of Luxembourg) is CTD, which when
expanded, stands for Cold Twisted Deformed steel.
• It is a form of HYSD steel, where the steel bars,
after undergoing the mandatory heat treatment
process, are cold twisted and deformed.
• It has high strength with high yield and bond
strength but these bar corrode much faster than
other bar.
 TMT BARS
• Thermo-Mechanically Treated bar are known as TMT bars
• They are manufactured by passing hot rolled steel billets
through water, which hardens the surface and increases its
tensile strength while the inner core stays at a comparatively
warmer temperature and hence, the core becomes more
ductile.
• This variation in the microstructure of the cross-section of
the bar provides huge strength to the bar.
• Since there are no twisting or deformation processes
employed in this method, TMT bars have no surface cracks
or other defects as well.
 PROPERTIES
• Mild steel:
– Specific Gravity – 7.8
– Melting point – 14000C
– Ultimate compressive strength – 80 to 120 kN/cm2
– Ultimate tensile strength – 60 to 80 kN/cm2
• Hard Steel:
– Specific Gravity – 7.9
– Melting point – 13000C
– Ultimate compressive strength – 140 to 200 kN/cm2
– Ultimate tensile strength – 80 to 110 kN/cm2
• Modulus of elasticity E = 2 x 105
• Shear modulus G= 0.769 x 105
• Poisson ratio = 0.3
• Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6
• Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3
 MECHANICAL TREATMENT
• ROLLING: the hot red ingots are passed in succession
through different roller until the desired shape(Angles ,
channels , flats etc) are obtained.
• DRAWING: It is carried out to reduce , the cross section
and to increase the length proportionately . The metal is
drawn through dies and continued till, wire or rod of
required cross section or diameter is obtained.
• PRESSING: it is carried out with help of press equipment . It
consist of die and a punch. The die and punch are suitably
shaped to get article of required shape. The main
advantage of this process is not involving shock.
• FORGING : it is carried out by repeated blows under
a power hammer or a press. Through this process
density and grain size of the metal is improved. Bolts
, clam are manufactured by this process.
• COLD WORKING: steel bar is stressed beyond its
yield point and unloaded, in the next cycle of
loading, it will be found that yield point has been
raised. It is due to strain hardening of steel.
Reinforcement bar for concrete work are produced
by this method.
 ALUMINIUM
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• It has silvery colour and lustre, while the
commercial grades show a characteristic bluish
tinge
• It is ductile and malleable
• It sprcific gravity is 2.7
• High purity has great resistance to corrosion than
the ordinary steel
• In proportion to its weight it is quite strong.
• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Melting point is 658oC, boiling points is 2057oC
• It is good conductor of heat and electricity.
• Its tensile strength varies 95 to 157 Mpa.
• It forms useful alloys with iron, copper , zinc
and other metals.
 APPLICATION
• Construction ( Door, window, building wire, etc)
• Street lightning pole
• Electrical transmission line
• Powdered aluminium used in paint.
• They are used in Transportation as sheets ,
casting, tube etc.
 Advantage
• Good corrosion resistance
• Good strength – weight ratio
• Economy in maintenance
• Good scrap value
• Ease in fabrication and assembly
• Aesthetic appearance.
• Good electric conductivity
• Good reflectivity.
 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
• Duralumin
• Aldural
• Y-Alloy
• Aluminium Bronze
• Duralumin
– It contain copper (3-5%), magnesium (0.5-1%), iron (0.35-0.6%),
silica (0.6%).
– It has good tensile strength.
– It possesses good electrical conductance.
– It is soft enough for workable period after it has been quenched.
– Wire, cable, tubes, rivet , nuts and sheets (airplane)are drawn
from duralumin.
• Aldural
– When a coating of aluminium is given to duralumin it is known
as aldural which has better corosion resisting properties.
• Y-Alloy
– It contain 4% copper, 20% nickel and 1.5% magnesium
– Toughness and hardness are achieved by heating to
5000C for six hours and cooling it down in boiling
water.
– Its relative density is 2.8
– It has good thermal conductivity and can sustain high
temperature.
– It is used for making piston of I.C Engine, gear box and
propeller blade.
 Aluminium Composite Panel
• Aluminium Composite Panel is a type of flat
panel, consists of two thin aluminium sheets
bonded to a non-aluminium core.
• It can be bent to any shape to cover column or
pillars easily to give very elegant look. It
required very little maintenance
• They are frequently used for cladding of
building to give attractive patterns in modern
office building .