OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

AND
SAFETY – II

OHES 4412
Fall 2022
Risk Factors – Chemical

Asst. Prof. Selden CEPNİ

From Last Week ….

1. Physical Risks

2. Chemical Risks

3. Biological Risks

4. Psychological Risks

5. Ergonomic Risks
Physical Risk Factors

5 type of Physical Risk Factors Preventations

1. Noise
A. Technical Preventation
a. At Source
2. Vibration b. By Pass Way
c. PPE
3. Thermal Comfort (light,
temperature, humidty, airflow)
B. Medical Preventation
4. Dust

5. Ionized and non-ionized beams

2. Chemical Risk Factors
1974 Flixborough, UK
• Explosion occurs in a plant that
is doing cyclohexane oxidation
• 400 tons of cyclohexane per
minute spread in the area of
100-200 meters.
• 28 people lost their lives and 36
people were injured
1976 Seveso,Italy
• With the release of 1.3 kg of
tetrachloro dibenzo dioxine,
70,000 animals were killed,
plants were severely
damaged, 600 people were
evacuated from the province,
and 2,000 people were
treated.
TÜPRAŞ 1999 ,İzmit
• Sometimes, despite the high
precautionary measures taken
by the accident, natural disasters
can also cause damage.
Chemicals

• Chemicals are a part of everyone's life.

• There are five to seven million different chemicals known in the
world.
• At least four hundred million tonnes of chemicals are produced
worldwide each year (including agricultural chemicals, food additives,
fuels for power production, chemical consumer products, etc.)

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 General Chemical Accidents

1. Fire
2. Explosion
3. Wide – spread of hazardous gases

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Effects of chemicals
• Nature / Hazards
• Route of Entry / Exposure
• Dose
– Concentration
– Duration
• Characteristics of the person
 OCCUPATIONS HIGHLY EXPOSED TO CHEMICAL RISK
FACTORS

Chemicals, including many hazardous substances, are

found in all sectors:
• All areas of manufacturing,
• Paint shops,
• Hospitals,
• Kitchens,
• Laundries,
• Offices,
• Dry cleaning plants and many other workplaces….etc
Chemicals: Hazards
Effects of Chemicals

• Health

• Physicochemical

• Enviroment
 Effects of Chemicals

• Physicochemical
Fire, explosion, imflammable….
Effects of Chemicals
• Enviroment

Degradation, accumulation, global warming as a result of eco -

toxaction, ozone depletion, ozone generation, etc., which are caused by

the adverse effects of chemical substances on air, water and soil living

organisms living in these environments.

Effects of Chemicals – health
• Chemical Substance
• Toxic
• Harmful
• Erosive
• Irratant
- Because of their speciality
• Carcinogenic
• Mutogen
• Toxic and allergic effects for reproduction
ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY

Inhalation

Ingestion

Contact with skin or eyes (absorption)

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ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-1

Inhalation

More hazardous agents get into your body by inhalation

(by being breathed in) than by any other route.

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How do you know whether you are being exposed to
respiratory hazards at work?

Warning signals are:

• smell
• sneezing
• coughing
• a runny nose

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ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-2

Ingestion

Hazardous agents can also get into the body by ingestion.

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ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-3
Absorption

Some chemicals (such as strong acids and alkalis) can damage your skin.
This condition is called dermatitis.

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Contact dermatitis

Another common occupational skin disease is contact

dermatitis — a type of allergic reaction.

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Precautions to be taken against chemical
substances
1. Identify the substance / compounds present in the medium
2. Review safety data sheets (Safety Data Sheet, MSDS)
3. Detecting sources of risks
4. Measuring the presence of ambient air
5. How long the employees stay in the environment
6. Determine to what extent they are affected by health surveillance
Ways to be Followed in Chemical Wastes
1. Hazardous chemical contaminated
containers should be stored indoors.
Empty containers carry the label of the
previously found chemical.
2. The choice of waste containers must be
such as to protect workers.
3. Waste areas should be restricted and
marked.
4. If there is no suitable area for waste, it
is necessary to apply to specialist
institutions for this.
Shortly to say about chemicals;
1. The chemicals in the working area must be labeled
correctly,
2. Finding SDSs of related chemicals
3. Informed users and contacts about the relevant
chemicals
4. Enabling the environment to be used during use or
using PPE
5. They need to be stored and transported in
accordance with their specifications.
NEXT WEEK

BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS