Chapter 2 Basic Laws

• Historical Profiles
• Georg Simon Ohm
(1787~1854),a German
physicist.

• Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

(1824~1887), a German
physicist, chemists, engineers.
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 Technical terms:

1. resistance [ 电阻值 ] 9. node [ 结点 ]

2. resistor [ 电阻 ] 10.loop [ 回路 ]
3. resistivity [ 电阻率 ] 11.mesh [ 网孔 ]
4. conductance [ 电导值 ] 12.law[ 定律 ]
5. conductivity [ 电导率 ] 13.algebraic[ 代数的 ]
6. series[ 串联 ] 14.proportional [ 成比例的 ]
7. parallel[ 并联 ] 15.infinity [ 无穷大 ]
8. branch [ 支路 ] 16.slope [ 斜率 ]

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 Chapter 2 Basic Laws
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ohm's Law
2.3 Nodes ， Branches ， and Loops
2.4 Kirchhoff's Laws
2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations

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2.1 Introduction
Element
Constraints of circuit analysis

Topology

Ohm's law: for an element (resistor)

Kirchhoff's laws : for many elements —circuit

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2.2 Ohm's Law
1. Resistance and Resistor

The. resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow

of electric current;it is measured in ohms (Ω).

L A: area L: length R: resistance

R
A ρ:resistivity( 电阻率 )

A resistor is a circuit element used to model the current-resisting

behavior of a material.

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 Resistivity of common materials
Material Resistivity(Ω.m) Usage
Silver 1.64  10-8 Conductor
Copper 1.72  10-8 Conductor
Gold 2.45 10-8 Conductor
Aluminum 2.80  10-8 Conductor
Carbon 4 10-5 Semiconductor
Gemanium 47 10-2 Semiconductor
Silicon 6.4 102 Semiconductor
Paper 1010 Insulator
Mica 5 10 11 Insulator
Glass 1012 Insulator

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2.2 Ohm's Law
Resistor

R
R
Symbol
R

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2. Ohm's law
Ohm's law states that the voltage v across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current i
flowing through the resistor.
i R
v  iR
+ -
v
v
R (1  1V / A) 0R
i

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Short Circuit
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching zero.

R0 i

v  i R  0 Network
V=0 R=0

i0
A short circuit (R = 0)

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Open Circuit

An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance

approaching infinity.

R
i=0
v
i 0 Network
v R=
R
v0
An open circuit (R=).

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Conductance (G)

Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric

current; it is measured in siemens(S).

1 i
G  （1S  1A / V ） 0G
R v

i  Gv

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 v  iR
1
G
R

2
2 v
p  vi  i R   0
R
NOTE :
1. The power is nonlinear function of either current or voltage.
2. A resistor always absorbs power from the circuit. A resistor
is a passive element.

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The maximum current that  a2W,  80kΩ  resistor can safely conduct is:

• A 160 kA
• B 40 kA
• C 5 mA
• D 25μA

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Exp. The resistor(R=560Ω) is connected in a circuit that forces a current of
428mA to flow through it. Calculate the voltage across its terminals and the
power it is dissipating.

Solution: v  iR  (560)(0.428)  239.7V

p  vi  (239.7)(0.428)  102.6W

2 2
p  v R  (239.7) 560  102.6W
p  i 2 R  (0.428)2 560  102.6W

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In the circuit, (a)known iS=2A and g=2, calculate v.
(b)Known v2 = 5V, determine vS.
i

iS(t) 5W v1 gv1 2W v

(a)
i

vS 1kW v1 5v1 1kW v2

(b)

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Calculate the voltage u2 in the circuit.
例
5i1
+ -
+ +
u1=6V i1 3 u2
_ _

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2.3 Nodes, Branches,and Loops

A branch represents a single element such as a source or a resistor.

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2.3 Nodes, Branches,and Loops

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

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2.3 Nodes, Branches,and Loops
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A mesh is a single closed path and a independent loop.

b  m  n 1
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A network has 12 branches and 8 independent loops. 
How many nodes are there in the network?

• A 19
•B 5
•C 4
• D 17

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2.4 Kirchhoff's Laws

Kirchhoff’s current law （ KCL ） states that the

algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.
Mathematically, KCL implies that :

i
n 1
n 0

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N

i
n 1
n 0 Current entering a node is regarded as positive“+”
Current leaving a node is regarded as negative “-”

i5
i1
i4
i3 i2

or
i in   iout

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 i1 1
i4 i6
i2
2

i3 i5
3

Note KCL also applies to a closed boundary.

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The current Io of the circuit is:

• A -4 A
• B -2 A
•C 4 A
• D 16 A

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Given iR1=3A, calculate the current i through R3.
iR1

R1 2A i

10V R2 R3 5A

A 10A
B -6A
C 6A
D -4A

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if ix=3A, the current drawing from 18V voltage source is 8A,
calculate RA

13A
①
i18
②
iRA 5W
18V RA 6W vx
ix

How many branches , nodes?

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2.4 Kirchhoff's Laws
K
VL
Kirchhoff’s voltage law(KVL) states that the algebraic sum of
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

Mathematically, KVL states

that :
M A 2 C

v
v2
k 0 v1 1 3 v3
k 1
B

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 KCL&KVL

①Setting the reference direction(polarity) of voltage for each branch

②Go clockwise or counterclockwise around the loop.
③The sign on each voltage is the polarity of the terminal
encountered first as we travel around the loop.

A 2 C
v2
v1 1 3 v3

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 R2

- 4V
R1 2V 3V KVL : 2  ( 4)  3  ( 5)  0
R3

- 5V

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In the circuit V is:

• A 30 V
• B 14 V
• C 10 V
• D 6 V

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Which of the circuits  will give you Vab =7 V?

D
A B C

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Exp. For the following circuit, calculate vx and ix.

7V
ix

5V 100W vx

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 Exp. Calculate vR2 and vx.

36V
e f 12V a

14V v2
vS1
4V R2 vR2 vx
R1 vR1

d c b

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Exp. Calculate the voltage vx in the circuit.

5A 8W i4 4W

v8 v4

60V v10 10W v2 2W vx ix

i10 i2

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西南石油大学电气信息学院 46
The Single Loop Circuit

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Example 3.5 Compute the power absorbed in each element for
the circuit shown in the following figure.

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The Single Node-pair Circuit
Find the voltage, current, and power
associated with each element in the circuit
Determine the value of v and the power supplied by
the independent current source in the circuit.
 3.3 简单电路分析
Practice for the single-node-pair circuit, find iA, iB and iC.

iA iB iC

5.6A vx 18W 0.1vx 9W 2A

Calculate current i
Caculate voltage u

10V
3A 3Ω 
3Ω 1Ω 
5Ω i? 20V
u  ?  
 5V
2A 4Ω 

i  3  ( 2)  5A 20  10  u  5  0

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Using Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s law on the circuit to find
(a) vx; (b)iin; (c)Is.

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 Equivalent Transformation of Circuits

1.one-port network

ia
ia=ib
ib

Passive
passive One-port
network

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For two one-port networks ， if they have the same
2. 两端电路等效的概念
current and voltage relationship at the port, they are
known as the equivalent network.

+ equivalent +
i i
B u C u
- -

the current, voltage and power in network A satisfying ：

B A C A

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2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage
Division

Series
Tow or more elements are in series if they are cascaded
or connected sequentially and consequently carry the
same current .

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 Req
equivalent

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For N resistors in series

N
Req  R1  R2    R N  R
n 1
n

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Voltage Division

Rn
vn  v
R1  R 2    R N

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2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division

Parallel

Tow or more elements are in parallel if

they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across
them.

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西南石油大学电气信息学院 69
 v v v
i  i1  i2  in   
R1 R2 Rn
1 1 1 1
(    )v  v
R1 R2 Rn Req

1 / Req  1 / R1  1 / R2    1 / RN

R
if R1=R2=……=RN=R,then Req 
N

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Current Division:

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The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is
the sum of their individual conductance.

N
Geq  G1  G2    G N  G
n 1
n

The principle of current division:

Gn
in  i
G1  G 2    G N

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It is often convenient and possible to combine resistors in series and
parallel and reduce a resistance network to a single equivalent resistance.

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 电阻的串并联
Exp. Obtain the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b.

6W 3W 6W

b
10W

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西南石油大学电气信息学院 77
Example

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Exp. Find Rab , Rcd

c d
6 5
a

15 5
b

NOTE Equivalent resistance is calculated for the terminals.

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a o

b o

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Find Req and io in the cirtcuit.

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Exp. Find Rab
Rab ＝
70 a b
a b
20 100
20 100 10
60
40 60 120 60
80 50

a b
a b
20 100
20 100 100 60
40

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Exp. Find Rab

5 20
a
b
15
7
6 6

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Exp. Calculate the current i in the
circuits.
i
a 4W b

24V 12W 3W
6W
d c
(a)

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Exp. Calculate the current and voltage for each branch
in the circuits.
i1 5

+ i2 i3 6
165V 18 i5
- 4 i4 12

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Calculate vo and Io in the circuit.

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2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations
R1 R2
R
a b
R3 R4
1
1
R1
R12 R31
R2 R3
2 3
R23 2 3
 network Y network

Three terminals network

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Different forms for the same network ：

R12 R31

R23
 network ( )

R1

R2 R3

T network (Y)
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2. —Y equivalent transform
1–
+ 1
i1 + i1Y –
u12 u31
R12 R31 u12Y R1 u31Y
R2 R3
i2  i3  i3Y +
+ – i2Y
– R23
u23Y
2+ u23 – 3 2 + – 3

i1 =i1Y , i2  =i2Y , i3  =i3Y ,

rules ：
u12 =u12Y , u23 =u23Y , u31 =u31Y
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Y transform ：
1 1

R1
R2 R12 R31
R3
+
2 R23
3 2 3
R1R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 1R 3 G1G 2
R 12 = G12 
R3 G1  G 2  G 3
R1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 1R 3 G 2G 3
R 23 = G 23 
R1 or G1  G 2  G 3
R 1R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R1R 3 G 3G1
R 31 = G 31 
R2 G1  G 2  G 3

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Y transform ：
1
1

R12 R31 R1
R2 R3
+
R23 2
2 3 3

R12 R 31 G12G 31
R1  G1  G12  G 31 
R12  R 23  R 31 G 23
R 23 R12 G 23G12
R2  or G 2  G 23  G12 
R12  R 23  R 31 G 31
R 31R 23 G 31G 23
R3  G 3  G 31  G 23 
R12  R 23  R 31
G12
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 R
RY  or R   3RY
3

larger external smaller internal

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Exp. T bridge circuit
1/3k 1/3k
+
1/3k
1k E R
- 1k
1k 1k
+ 1k
E 1k R
+ 3k
-
E
R
- 3k 3k

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