Multi-hazard Disaster Risk and Resilience: Practical Learning and

Step-by-Step Guide to Improve Disaster Resilience at City Levels

Prof. Manish Kumar Goyal

Professor & Dean of Infrastructure and Development
Indian Institute of Technology Indore
 Introduction
 Large population and economic activities, India is at high risk of disasters
including climatic, geological and human induced disasters. 

 India lost 80,000 lives in over 300 Natural disaster in last 20 years (2000-2020)
(UN Report, 2021)

 The effect of severe droughts was estimated to have reduced India’s gross
domestic product by 2 to 5 percent over a period of 10 years (1998 to 2017).
Nearly two-thirds of the country suffered drought during 2020-2022 (UNDRR,
2021).

 A total of over 40 million people were affected by widespread flooding in the

Indian subcontinent during 2015, 2016 and 2018 and 2019 (UN-OCHA, 2017).

 In India, on an average, five-six heat wave events occur every year over the
northern parts of the country. Single events can last weeks, occur consecutively, and
can impact large population (WHO, 2021).

 During the last 15 years, the country has experienced 10 major earthquakes that
have resulted in over 20,000 deaths. As per the current seismic zone map of the
country over 59 per cent of India’s land area is under threat of moderate to severe
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs & United Nations Development Programme,
seismic hazard (NDMA, 2022). 2019
1
 Point of concerns-Motivation

• Insufficient observational and scientific information data base.

• Inadequate knowledge on the impact of disasters in different sectors e.g., Agriculture,

natural ecosystem, health, biodiversity, coastal zones, etc.

• No tool for performance measure of disaster risk management at city level

• Inadequate of a risk information conveying platform at city level.

• It is imperative to build and strengthen the resilience of the urban population to reduce disaster risk.

2
 Methodology

Multi-Hazard Disaster Scorecard

Literature National and Global Computation of Two Consultation with

Review Primary and Secondary Disaster Management Scorecards Experts
Data Collection Framework

Disaster Risk Scorecard Disaster Resilience Scorecard

Hazard, Vulnerability, and

Exposure Parameters

1. Selection of seven indicators

Compute the Multiplier of Hazard,
Vulnerability, and Exposure
Risk=Hazard*Vulnerability*Exposure
2. Each Indicator will be further disintegrated into
10 indicators
3. Provide weights for Indicators on Disaster
Resilience
4. A set of 172 questions will be framed for 7*10
Indicators
5. Information will be collected from Respective
agencies involved in planning and development of
cities and disaster risk management

Source: Ministry of Home Affairs & United Nations Development Programme, 2019 and IPCC

Fig. 1. Methodology flowchart for the project. 3

 Objectives of the Project

• Prepare a matrix of activities to be taken up by Urban local bodies (ULBs) under various
national frameworks (DM Act, 2005, NDM Policy, 2009 and NDM Plan, 2019) and
prepare a step-by-step guide for each of the ULBs to improve disaster resilience.
Objective 1

• To quantify the risks of disasters in four cities of India based on uniform datasets on
common set of indicators on disaster risks and prepare scorecards on a Disaster Risk
Objective 2 Index.

• To quantify the resilience level achieved by four cities of India based on uniform datasets
on common set of indicators on disaster resilience and prepare scorecards on a Disaster
Resilience Index.
Objective 3

• Performance assessment of cities based upon guidelines provided under various national frameworks (DM
Act, 2005, NDM Policy, 2009 and NDM Plan, 2019).
Objective 4
Objective 3Objective 2
4
 Part A-Selection of indicators for Disaster Risk Index
Table 1 : Disaster Indicators for Jaipur City
S. NO. Hazard Vulnerability Exposure
1 Earthquake Unsafe buildings Population
2 Landslide Social infrastructure GDP
3 Avalanche Physical infrastructure  
4 Drought Agriculture  
5 Urban flood Livestock population  
6 Heat wave Industries  
7 Cold wave Vulnerable women  
8 Cyclone Vulnerable children  
9 Tsunami Aged people  
10 Fire Disabled people  
11 Forest fire Rural/Urban poor  
12  Lightning Deforestation  
13 Coastal erosion Depletion of mangroves
14 Industrial hazard Water Stress

Not all the parameters of hazards, vulnerabilities and exposures are equally important. Based on the
importance of the parameters, the weights have been given to the parameters as per Disaster risks and resilience in
India-An analytical study by MHA-UNDP report, 2019. 5
Methodology for Disaster Risk Scorecard

Selection of indicators on hazards,

vulnerabilities and exposures

Parameters on indicators and

weights on parameters

Computation of Hazard,
Vulnerability and Exposure index

Computation of Hazard Specific

Disaster Risk Index

Computation of Composite
Disaster Risk Index
6
Guwahati City

7
Disasters in Guwahati City

8
 Study Area
• Guwahati, the capital of Assam, is one of India's important cities due to its
significant population, transportation connectivity and its strategic location in
North East India (Borah & Borah, 2021).
• Since 1990s, migration from rural to urban region progress in Assam. It leads to
rapid unplanned development and expansion of Guwahati city. This caused
twofold increase in urban built-up area in three decadal period from 1990 to 2020.
• The city has population of 9,57,352 people in 2011, which is expected to increase
2.8 million till 2025.
• Guwahati city has been selected and ranked 20 th in the list of ‘Round 1 Smart
Cities’ of the 100 Smart Cities in the Ministry of Urban Development's (MoUD)
‘Smart City Mission’, which was launched in June 2015.
• Guwahati city stands at 46th rank in Ease of living, 51st in the Municipal
Performance, 312th rank in the Swatch Bharat and 45% urban sustainability in the
year 2021 (Borah & Borah, 2021; Smart Cities Mission, 2018, 2020; Times of
Fig. 2. Location Map of Guwahati city
India, 2021). 9
 Risk Profile
• The annual average rainfall of the Guwahati city is 1613 mm. The city has observed the urban floods and flash floods frequently due
to ineffective drainage, and climate change prominently with notable floods in 2004, 2014, 2017, and 2022 (Goyal et al., 2022;
Guwahati Development Department, 2022; Tanoue et al., 2021; The Hindu, 2022)
• As per the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) Atlas, Guwahati city falls under earthquake Zone-V up
to magnitude 7.9.

 For instance, an earthquake measuring 3.7 magnitude struck on Jul 05, 2022, magnitude of 5.2 on Jul 07, 2021, and magnitude of 6.4
on April 29, 2021, have hit Guwahati city (The Economic Times, 2022).
 The water scarcity condition persists in the region as only 0.3 million households of the population have access to tap water

• The city is prone to industrial hazards due to significant numbers of hazardous (10) and polluting (10) industries, with moderate
industrial hazard index of 3.33.

• Guwahati city has more narrow passages making it vulnerable to fire accident as the fire brigade is not able to reach a place on time.
For instance, industrial property worth in millions burnt out due to leakage of a cylinder in Basistha due to the late reaching of a fire
brigade.

• The research showed 5 cases, 5 injuries, and 5 deaths due to fire incidents between 2000 and 2020 (Guwahati Metropolitan
10
Development Authority, 2022; The Senitnel, 2022)
 Hazard Index

Fig 3 : Hazard Index for Different Hazards Occurring in Guwahati City

10
Hazards Index

0
Urban flood Drought Heat wave Forest fire Industrial hazards Fire Earthquake

Hazards Parameter

Guwahati city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Landslides, Cold wave, Lightning, Cyclones,
Avalanche, Tsunami, and Coastal Erosion.
11
 Vulnerability Index
Fig 4 : Vulnerability Index due to different Hazards Occurring in Guwahati City
8

6
Vulnerability Index

0
gs re r e re ck ies ty en re
n
lit
y er ss
in ctu ctu ltu sto str er om bi ov tre
ld u u u v ild si a tC S
u i
str str ric ive d u Po W Ch s r
fe
b
fra fra A
g L In D re ate
sa lI
n In Fo W
U
n
is ca cia
l of
o on
P hy S leti
ep
D

Vulnerability Parameter

Vulnerability associated with aged people and depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city.

12
 Comparative Risk and Resilience Assessment
• All the hazards, vulnerability and exposure parameters except Unsafe buildings, and Social infrastructure are computed
comparatively for the cities.
• Guwahati city has the highest risk occurrence for Earthquake and Forest Fire among all the cities.
• The city has high population density with 5487 persons per sq.km increase its risk associated with hazards and make the city
highly vulnerable for children, disabled, below poverty line, homeless, livestock, and women population.

• The deforestation and women are highly vulnerable to hazards in the city.
• The population of Guwahati has a high hazard specific exposure index for natural disasters like Earthquake, Urban Flood,
Heat Wave, Industrial Hazard, and Drought that may lead to an economic loss of the city.

• The resilience score of the city is 54.45 on a scale of 100 indicates the city is moderately resilient among all the cities to the
hazards that occurred in the region.

• Guwahati city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Landslides, Cyclones, Avalanche, Tsunami, and Coastal
Erosion.
• Vulnerability associated with aged people and depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city.
13
 Message to Mayor
• This study shows that the level of resilience to disasters in Guwahati city is least while risk due to hazards occurrence comparatively
higher thus city requires extensive improvement in disaster management plan.

• The risk due to moderate, high and very high hazards and vulnerability parameters in the city should be considered on prior basis.
• City performs best in terms of Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation and Disaster Preparedness.

• City is in the last position out of all four cities in terms of 2 indicators out of 7 indicators of the disaster resilience index i.e.,
Risk Assessment, and Disaster Reconstruction.
• Mayor should made Standard operating procedure for assuring that financing authorities should provide easy access and
allocation of funds as per the requirements in different phases of disaster management.
• The mayor should identify local potential hazards like riots, stampede region and potential pandemic like covid vulnerable
population, etc.

• Therefore, city administration should enhance efforts to decrease risk associated with vulnerable population, infrastructure, and
provide improvement in policy making for disaster management plans such that making city risk resilient to multi-hazard disasters.

14
Jaipur City

15
Disasters in Jaipur City

16
 Study Area
• Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is one of India's first
planned cities, situated in the semi-desert land of the
state. The elevation above mean sea level is 390 metres.
• The city is in the foothills of the Aravali range and
bounded by hillocks on the north and east sides and
plains on the west and south sides.
• The city population was 3.07 million in 2011, with a
2.71% annual growth rate. The projected population of
the city is about 6.5 million in 2025.
• JMC Heritage placed in 32nd rank and JMC Greater
placed 36th rank among cities with a population of
above 4 million as per Swachh Survekshan 2021.
• Jaipur city has been selected and ranked 3rd in the list
of ‘Round 1 Smart Cities’ of the 100 Smart Cities in the
‘Smart City Mission’, which was launched in June
2015.
• Jaipur city stands at 23rd rank in the Quality of Life,
40th rank in the Sustainability, 13th rank in the
Economic Activity, and 24th rank in the Citizen
Fig. 5. Location Map of Jaipur city 17
Perception in the year 2021.
 Risk Profile

• Jaipur is now experiencing increasing water scarcity and reducing the sources of drinking water due to the droughts that occurred
with recurrence in 5 years.

• All the 13 blocks of the city are in dark zones, that means the recharge is only half of the overall exploitation.

• The average rainfall of the city is 600 mm, city was flooded in 1981 and susceptible to floods, as seen from 1984 to 1989 and
1999 to 2002. The city has experienced some notable flash floods in 2012 and 2020.

• As per the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) Atlas, Jaipur city falls under earthquake Zone-II up
to magnitude 4.9.

• For instance, an earthquake measuring 3.8 magnitude struck on Jan 29, 2016, magnitude of 4.3 on Jul 08, 2018, and magnitude
of 3.0 on Dec 17, 2020 have hit Jaipur city.

• The lightning events also led to mortalities in Jaipur city. For example, Amer Fort lightning tragedy killed around 16 people, and
many were injured in July 2021.

• Jaipur city has experienced huge impacts due to fire accidents in the past. For instance, the serial bomb blasts in 2008 and the
Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) fire incidence in 2009. The research showed that there are 72 cases, 6 injuries, and 52 deaths due to
fire incidents between 2000 to 2020.

18
 Hazard Index
Fig 6 : Hazard Index for Different Hazards Occurring in Jaipur City
10

8
Hazards Index

0
Urban flood Drought Heat wave Cold wave Industrial hazards Lightning Fire Earthquake

Hazards Parameter

Jaipur city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Landslides, Forest Fire, Cyclones, Avalanche,
Tsunami, and Coastal Erosion.
19
 Vulnerability Index

Fig 7 : Vulnerability Index due to different Hazards Occurring in Jaipur City

10

8
Vulnerability Index

0
s re re re ck es ty en n ty le r ss
ing tu tu ltu to ts ri er re ili op ve re
ild c u c u s v om ild b e o
rS
t
bu str
u
str gr
ic iv
e du Po W Ch isa ly
P st
C
e
e rf a rf a A L In D er re at
af n n d o W
ns alI a lI El o fF
i
U sic So
c on
P hy el ti
Vulnerability Parameter ep
D

Vulnerability associated with depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city.
20
 Comparative Risk and Resilience Assessment
• All the hazards, vulnerability and exposure parameters except Unsafe buildings, and Social infrastructure are computed
comparatively for the cities.
• Jaipur city has the highest risk occurrence for Drought, Heat Wave, and Fire among all the cities.
• The city has high population density with 8,020 persons per sq.km increase its risk associated with hazards and make the city
highly vulnerable for children, disabled, below poverty line, homeless, aged, livestock, and women population.

• The Social infrastructure and Industries are highly vulnerable to hazards in the city.

• The population of Jaipur has a high hazard specific exposure index for natural disasters like Heat Wave, Industrial Hazards,
and Drought that may lead to an economic loss of the city.

• The resilience score of the city is 38.30 on a scale of 100 indicates the city is least resilient among all the cities to the hazards that
occurred in the region.

• Jaipur city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Landslides, Forest Fire, Cyclones, Avalanche, Tsunami,
and Coastal Erosion.
• Vulnerability associated with depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city.
21
 Message to Mayor
• This study shows that the level of resilience to disasters in Jaipur city is least while risk due to hazards occurrence comparatively
higher thus city requires extensive improvement in disaster management plan.

• The risk due to moderate, high and very high hazards and vulnerability parameters in the city should be considered on prior basis.
• City performs best in terms of Risk Assessment and Disaster Reconstruction.

• City is in the last position out of all four cities in terms of 5 indicators out of 7 indicators of the disaster resilience index i.e., Risk
Prevention and Mitigation, Risk Governance. Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Response, and Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation.

• The city has two mayors, thus the allocation of funds, powers distribution, urban region should be well defined for efficient disaster
management between the municipal corporation authorities for making cities disaster resilient.

• The mayor should identify local potential hazards like riots, stampede region and potential pandemic like covid vulnerable
population, etc.

• Therefore, city administration should enhance efforts to decrease risk associated with vulnerable population, infrastructure, and
provide improvement in policy making for disaster management plans such that making city risk resilient to multi-hazard disasters.

22
Srinagar City

23
Disasters in Srinagar City

24
 Study Area
• Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir union territory (UT),
is geographically located in the centre of the Valley of Kashmir at an
altitude of 1585 m above the mean sea level (Tokyo Climate Centre
(WMO), 2022).

• Srinagar was 32nd most populous cities of India with population of

around 1.24 million as per 2011 census records (District Srinagar,
2022).

• The average daily mean temperature in winters and summers has been
observed 5.07 °C and 21.7 °C respectively. The city experiences on
average 720 mm of rainfall annually (IMD, 2016).

• The city has a comparatively lower average literacy rate of 70% and
sex ratio of 888 in comparison with the national literacy rate of
74.04% and sex ratio of 940 (Census of India, 2011b, 2011a).

• Due to certain regional instability, it has been ranked last in ‘The Ease of
Living Index’ in the list of 49 cities in 2020 (Hindustan Times, 2021).

Fig. 8. Location Map of Srinagar city 25

 Risk Profile
• The successive infringement of building bye laws and unplanned construction had altered the natural landscape of the city and
made it prone to urban floods (Ahmad et al., 2019). As Srinagar-Leh highway got blocked due to flash flood on July 5, 2022,
(Greater Kashmir, 2022).

• Srinagar city is one of the most susceptible locations in India to landslide hazards(Martha et al., 2021). Jammu-Srinagar
national highway (NH-44) experiences frequent blocking in monsoon and winter seasons due to landslides (Fayaz & Khader,
2020).

• Srinagar city recorded -6 °C during a cold wave (India Today, 2021) whereas this year on June 14, 2022, the temperature went
up to 32.2 °C during a heat wave (India Today, 2022).

• According to a seismic zoning map issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Srinagar city lies in the very severe
intensity zone or zone V, the highest risk earthquake zone (IndiaSpend, 2015).

• The roadways infrastructure of the city also experiences snow avalanches which results in loss of lives and properties and
blocking of roadways. These kinds of disasters paralyze the life of the communities living in hilly terrain by creating a
shortage of essential commodities, which also results in economic losses due to the impact on tourism (Patel et al., 2020).

• Fire is one of the most destructive manmade disasters of all time. Srinagar city has also witnessed some of the fire accidents
each year.

26
 Project Part-A (Hazard Index)
Fig 9 : Hazard Index for Different Hazards Occurring in Srinagar City
10
Hazards Index

0
Urban flood Drought Heat wave Cold wave Industrial hazards Fire Earthquake Landslide Avalanche

Hazards Parameter

Srinagar city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Forest Fire, Cyclones, Avalanche, Tsunami, and
Coastal Erosion.
27
 Project Part-A (Vulnerability Index)

Fig 10 : Vulnerability Index due to different Hazards Occurring in Srinagar City

10

6
Vulnerability Index

0
gs re r e re ck es ty en re
n
lit
y le er ss
in ctu ctu ltu s to s tri v er om ld bi op ov tre
li d u ts ru ric
u
ve du Po
i a Pe C S
bu str g Li In
W Ch is
rly es
t
ate
r
e ra fra D
or
af In
f n A lde F W
ns l lI E f
U s ica ocia n
o
hy S io
P p let
e
D

Vulnerability Parameter

Vulnerability associated with depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city.
28
 Comparative Risk and Resilience Assessment
• All the hazards, vulnerability and exposure parameters except Unsafe buildings, and Social infrastructure are computed
comparatively for the cities.
• Srinagar city has the highest risk occurrence for Earthquake, Cold Wave, and Avalanche among all the cities.
• The city has high population density with 5337 persons per sq.km increase its risk associated with hazards and make the city
highly vulnerable for children, disabled, below poverty line, homeless, aged, livestock, and women population.

• The deforestation, social and physical infrastructure are highly vulnerable to hazards in the city.

• The population of Srinagar has a high hazard specific exposure index for natural disasters like Avalanche, Earthquake and
Urban Floods that may lead to an economic loss of the city.

• The resilience score of the city is 53.30 on a scale of 100 indicates the city is moderately resilient among all the cities to the
hazards that occurred in the region.
• Srinagar city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Forest Fire, Cyclones, Avalanche, Tsunami, and Coastal
Erosion.
• Vulnerability associated with depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city.

29
 Message to Mayor
• This study shows that the level of resilience to disasters in Srinagar city is moderate while risk due to hazards occurrence
comparatively least, still city requires extensive improvement in disaster management plan.

• The risk due to moderate, high and very high hazards and vulnerability parameters in the city should be considered on prior basis.

• City performs best in terms of Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation and Disaster Preparedness.

• City is in the last position out of all four cities in terms of 2 indicators out of 7 indicators of the disaster resilience index i.e., Risk
Prevention and Mitigation, and Disaster Reconstruction.
• Mayor should made Standard operating procedure for assuring that financing authorities should provide easy access and allocation of
funds as per the requirements in different phases of disaster management.
• The mayor should identify local potential hazards like riots, stampede region and potential pandemic like covid vulnerable
population, etc.

• Therefore, city administration should enhance efforts to decrease risk associated with vulnerable population, infrastructure, and
provide improvement in policy making for disaster management plans such that making city risk resilient to multi-hazard disasters.

30
Visakhapatnam City

31
Disasters in Visakhapatnam City

32
 Study Area
• Visakhapatnam, popularly known as Vizag, is a port city on the southeast coast
of India and it is the biggest city in Andhra Pradesh, both in terms of population
and economy.
• The city is often called "The Jewel of the East Coast", and has the oldest
shipyard of the country (CDMA, 2022).

• Visakhapatnam city has one of the largest municipal corporations in India with a
geographical area of 515.50 km2.

• In the latest Swachh Survekshan Rankings 2020, the city was ranked 9th cleanest
in the country in the category of cities having a population of more than 10
lakhs (The Hindu, 2020).
• JMC Heritage placed in 32nd rank and JMC Greater placed 36th rank among
cities with a population of above 4 million as per Swachh Survekshan 2021.
• Visakhapatnam city stands at 2nd in the Sustainability, 15th in Ease of Living
Index, 18th rank in Economic Activity, 25th in the Quality of Life, and 47th in
Citizen Perception in the year 2021(MoHUA, 2021).
• According to the census (2011), the city has a population of about 1.73 million
with a population density of 3356 persons per sq. km. The city has a literacy
rate of 67.70% with a sex ratio of 978 females for every 1000 males. The Fig. 11. Location Map of Visakhapatnam city
population of the city will be 7.56 million by 2030. 33
 Risk Profile

• The coastal erosion severely impacts the Visakhapatnam city due to the combined impact of high tides, tsunami, and cyclone events.

• The cyclones originate and come through the Bay of Bengal prominently impact the eastern coast and economy of the port city
Visakhapatnam significantly.

• There are several fire accidents reported in the Visakhapatnam city like fire accident in Visakhapatnam steel plant (The Hindu,
2021c), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), (Times of India, 2021a).

• As per the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) Atlas, Visakhapatnam city falls under earthquake Zone-
II up to magnitude 4.9.

 For instance, an earthquake measuring 5.1 and 1.8 magnitude struck on 24th August and 14th November 2021, whose tremors filled in
the lowest seismic zone of the country in Visakhapatnam city (Deccan Chronicle, 2021a, 2021b).

• Several lightning events significantly occurred in the Visakhapatnam city and thus mortalities associated with lightning higher in the
region compared to other cities as per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).

• Visakhapatnam city has experienced huge impacts due to industrial hazards and fire accidents in the past. For instance,
Visakhapatnam gas leak in 2020 through LG polymers industrial facility cause more than 10 mortalities and several injuries.

34
 Project Part-A (Hazard Index)
Fig 12 : Hazard Index for Different Hazards Occurring in Visakhapatnam City
10

8
Hazards Index

0
Urban flood Drought Heat wave Forest fire Industrial hazards Lightning Coastal Erosion Fire Cyclone Earthquake Tsunami

Hazards Parameter

Visakhapatnam city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Landslides, Avalanche, and Cold wave.
35
 Project Part-A (Vulnerability Index)

Fig 13 : Vulnerability Index due to different Hazards Occurring in Visakhapatnam City

10.00

8.00

6.00
Vulnerability Index

4.00

2.00

0.00
gs re re re ck es ty en re
n
lit
y le er ss
in ctu ctu ltu sto s tri v er om ld bi eop ov tre
li d u u u
ve du Po
i a tC S
u str str ric i W Ch is P
es
r
eb fra fra
g L In D rly or ate
af n In
A lde F W
n s lI ial
E f
U is ca c n
o
hy So let
io
P ep
D

Vulnerability Parameter

Vulnerability associated with depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city.
36
 Comparative Risk and Resilience Assessment
• All the hazards, vulnerability and exposure parameters except Unsafe buildings, and Social infrastructure are computed
comparatively for the cities.
• Visakhapatnam city has the highest risk occurrence for Floods, Coastal Erosion, Tsunami, Lightning, Industrial hazards,
Cyclone among all the cities.
• The city has least population density with 3356 persons per sq.km. Still, city observing maximum hazards among all the cities
except avalanche, thus risk associated with all the hazards, make city highly vulnerable for disabled, unsafe buildings, aged,
below poverty line, women and children population.
• The deforestation, physical infrastructure and unsafe buildings are highly vulnerable to hazards in the city.

• The population of Visakhapatnam has a high hazard specific exposure index for natural disasters like Floods, Lightning,
Cyclone, Coastal Erosion, Tsunami, and Industrial Hazards that may lead to an economic loss of the city.

• The resilience score of the city is 70.80 on a scale of 100 indicates the city is maximum resilient among all the cities to the hazards
that occurred in the region.

• Visakhapatnam city is safe or have unlikely risks due to hazards associated with Landslides,, Avalanche, and Cold wave.
• Vulnerability associated with depletion of Mangrove Vegetation doesn’t exist in the city. 37
 Message to Mayor
• This study shows that the level of resilience to disasters and risk due to hazards occurrence comparatively maximum in
Visakhapatnam city, thus city still requires extensive improvement in disaster management plan.

• The risk due to moderate, high and very high hazards and vulnerability parameters in the city should be considered on prior basis.

• City performs best in terms of Disaster Response and Risk Governance.

• City is in the first position out of all four cities in terms of 5 indicators out of 7 indicators of the disaster resilience index.
• Mayor should made Standard operating procedure for assuring that financing authorities should provide easy access and allocation of
funds as per the requirements in different phases of disaster management.

• City performs relatively less for two indicators i.e., Risk assessment and Disaster Reconstruction.

• The mayor should identify local potential hazards like riots, stampede region and potential pandemic like covid vulnerable
population, etc.

• Therefore, city administration should enhance efforts to decrease risk associated with vulnerable population, infrastructure, and
provide improvement in policy making for disaster management plans such that making city risk resilient to multi-hazard disasters.

38
 Exposure Index

Table 2 : Exposure Index for Jaipur City

Population City GDP (2015-16)

Average Exposure
Cities Area (Km2)
Index
Total Density Total (Rs. Cr.) Per Capita (Rs.)

Jaipur 382.8 30,70,000 8,020 2,75,47,41,70,000 89,731 10

Guwahati 174.47 9,57,352 5,487 1,54,52,540 47,900 6.09

Srinagar 232.35 12,40,000 5,337 45,39,945 37,533 5.42

Visakhapatnam 515.49 17,30,000 3,356 43,50,00,00,000 25,145 3.50

39
 Composite Disaster Risk Index

Fig 14: Composite Disaster Risk Index (CDRI), (on a scale of 10)

2.00

1.50
CDRI

1.00

0.50

0.00
Guwahati Jaipur Srinagar Visakhapatnam

Indian Cities

Based on CDRI Values we can state that:

Visakhapatnam > Jaipur > Guwahati > Srinagar
40

S. No. Aggregate Indicator
1 Risk Assessment
2 Risk Prevention & Mitigation
3 Risk Governance
4 Disaster Preparedness
Project Part B-Questionnaire to be Filled
Indicators
1. Hazard Vulnerability Risk Assessment
2. Digital Risk Mapping in Public Domain
3. Real-Time Data on Risks and Disasters
4. Micro-zonation of Earthquake Risks
5. Flood Risk Assessment
6. Drought Risk Assessment
7. Dissemination of Risk Information to People
8. Assessing Traditional and Local Knowledge
9. Assessing Patterns of Emerging Risks
10. Developing Database on Disasters
1. Disaster Risk Mitigation Projects
2. Mainstreaming DRR in Development
3. State and Disaster Risk Mitigation Fund
4. Safety standards for construction/ land use plans
5. Safety audit/retrofitting of lifeline structures
6. Construction of cyclone/ flood shelters
7. Ecosystem Approach for Disaster Risk reduction
8. Social Safety Net for Poor and Vulnerable
9. Mitigating risks of heritage
10. Integration of climate change adaptation with DRR
1. Institutional mechanisms for risk governance
2. Disaster Management Policy and Plans
3. Disaster Management Manuals and Procedures
4. Decentralization and Devolution of Functions
5. Community Involvement and Participation
6. Multi-Stakeholder Platform
7. Training and Capacity Development
8. Enforcement and Compliance
9. Transparency and Accountability
10. Monitoring and Evaluation System
1. End-to-End Early Warning Systems
2. Emergency Operation Centres
3. Disaster Communication System
4. Emergency Medical Preparedness
5. Scenario Building, Simulation and Mock Drills
 Questionnaire comprising of 172 questions on 70
6. Contingency Plans, SOPs, Manuals
7. Community-based Disaster Preparedness
8. Awareness Generation
9. Resource Inventory
10.Media Partnership
5 Disaster Response
6 Disaster Relief & Rehabilitation
7 Disaster Reconstruction
indicators on resilience.
1. State agencies for disaster response
2. Incident Response System
3. Coordination with GOI, NDRF, Armed Forces
4. Evacuation, Search and Rescue
5. Emergency Medical Response
6. Emergency Support Functions
7. Protection of Women and Children
8. Disposal of dead bodies
9. Disposal of Animal Carcasses
10. Disposal of Debris
1. Minimum Standard of Relief
2. Ex-gratia Relief
3. Relief Logistics and Supply Chain Management
4. Food and Essential Supplies
5. Drinking Water, Dewatering and Sanitation
6. Health and Mental Health Care
7. Management of Relief Camps
8. Veterinary Care
9. Relief Employment
10. Temporary and Intermediary Shelters
1. Damage and Loss Assessment
2. Post-disaster Need Assessment
3. Financing Reconstruction
4. Institutional mechanisms for reconstruction
5. Building Back Better
6. Reconstruction of houses
7. Reconstruction of infrastructure
8. Regeneration of ecology and environment
9. Livelihood Reconstruction
10. Learning from reconstruction and recovery
41
 Disaster Resilience Index
Table 3 : Disaster Resilience Index for Indian Cities

Risk Prevention& Mitigation

Disaster Resilience Index

Disaster Response (10%)
Risk Governance (20%)
Risk Assessment (10%)

Disaster Reconstruction
Disaster Preparedness

(15%)
(20%)

(5%)
(20%)

&Rehabilitation
S. No. Cities

Disaster Relief
1 Jaipur 54 28 29 52 34 36 46 38.30
2 Guwahati 38 42 44 65 61 73 36 54.45
3 Srinagar* 40.4 33 41 66 64 78 36 53.30
Fig. 15. Seven aggregate 4 Visakhapatnam 51 61 77 74 86 74 66 70.80
indicators of Disaster
Resilience Jaipur city is the least resilient among all the cities.
* Datasets on Srinagar are computed based on certain Assumptions

42
 Disaster Resilience Index

Fig 16: Disaster Resilience Index

100

80

60
DRI

40

20

0
Guwahati Jaipur Srinagar Visakhapatnam

Indian Cities

Based on Disaster Resilience Index, the order of cities resilience is

Visakhapatnam > Guwahati > Srinagar > Jaipur

43
 Concluding Remarks
• The present study is carried out comparatively over Guwahati, Jaipur, Srinagar, and Visakhapatnam cities.

• Therefore, various indices in this report for city are compared to the other three cities, not to be viewed in isolation.

• The Disaster Resilience Index (DRI) is computed exclusively for each city based on the assessment of the responses received by
the city administration for the questionnaire regarding disaster management at city levels.

• The study can be carried out at the town, municipality, and village level to improve the mitigation measures and resiliency
against potential risks at a micro-scale.

• The study can be further extended on impact assessment and representation of the impacts of disasters by developing dashboards,
interactive maps, etc., to improve community awareness and preparedness for emergencies.

44
 Key Deliverables

The proposed exercise would facilitate customized framework of Disaster Risk

1 and Resilience matrix in India, developed by the Ministry of Home Affairs, GOI
with UNDP, towards assessing the implementation of DM Act 2005 and Matrix-
C at ULBs levels

2 Contribution for effective implementation of DM Act 2005 and DM Policy

2009, Matrix-C activities, and Sendai Framework for DRR in ULBs in India

3 Matrix-C of responsibilities of ULBs under National Plan and guidelines on

Disaster Management

45
 Nodal Officers
City Nodal Officer
Jaipur Mr. Shankar Lal Saini, Additional Collector & Additional District Magistrate (city), Jaipur
(south), Rajasthan

Mr. Brajesh Kumar Chandolia, Additional Commissioner, Nagar Nigam, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Srinagar Mr. Ghulam Hassan Mir, Joint Commissioner (Planning), Srinagar Municipal Corporation,
Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir

Visakhapatnam Mr. B. Prasad, Project Coordinator, Revenue (DM) Department, APSDMA, Guntur District,
Andhra Pradesh

Dr. N. S. Rajamani, SRU/UNDP-GoI Project, GVMC, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Guwahati Mr. Rajib Neog, Associate Planner, Guwahati Municipal Corporation, Guwahati, Assam

Mr. Chinmoy Nath, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Assam SDMA, Guwahati, Assam

46
 Team Members
City Team Member Institute

Prof. Manish Kumar Goyal

Indian Institute of Technology Indore
Prof Anil K Gupta
National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi
Dr Kopal Verma

Jaipur Professor Ravi Goyal IEI Chairman and Pro Vice-Chancellor, Nirwan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Ms. Uzma Parveen Research Associate, CAP-RES, NIDM

Guwahati Professor Laishram Boeing Singh Professor, IIT Guwahati

Dr. A. Simhachalam Assistant Professor, NIRD Guwahati

Dr. Kopal Verma Junior Consultant, ECDRM, NIDM

Srinagar Dr. Vikas Sharma Economic Reconstruction Agency, Jammu & Kashmir

Dr. Nitin Joshi Assistant Professor, IIT Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir

Mr. Aamir Ali Mir Chairman Institution of Engineers (India) J&K State Centre, Srinagar; Director,
Disaster Management and Nodal Officer State Emergency Operation Centre,
Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir

Ms. Fatima Amin Young Professional, ECDRM Division, NIDM

Visakhapatnam Dr. A.D. Prasad Assistant Professor, NIT Raipur

Mr. Michael Islary Junior Consultant, NIDM

47
 Previous Meetings Held

First Consultation Meeting with Nodal Officers (7th October 2021)

Second Consultation Meeting with Nodal Officers (6th December 2021) Advisory Committee Meeting (6th December, 2021)
48
 Previous Meetings Held

Jaipur Regional Consultation Workshop

with Nodal Officers (7th July 2022)

49
50
 Annexure

*In the absence of city-level data, the district-level data have been considered for these indicators
in the entire study.

Hazards Indicators Vulnerabilities Indicators Exposures Indicators

Earthquake Unsafe buildings* Population

Landslide Agriculture* Economy
Avalanche Poverty  
Drought Women  
Urban Flood Children  
Heat wave Disability  
Cold wave Aged  
Cyclone Livestock*  
Tsunami Industries  
Fire Physical infrastructure  
Forest Fire* Social infrastructure*  
Coastal Erosion Deforestation*  
Industrial Hazard Depletion of mangrove  
Lightning Water Stress   51