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C# Laguage
Call By Value and Call By Reference

Ketki Acharya
From: SM VITA ATC of CDAC
9769201036
ketkiacharya.net@gmail.com

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 // Simple types are passed by value.

Call by value
using System;

class Test
{
/* This method causes no change to the arguments
When you pass primitive type in a function another j
used in the call. */ i
memory block get created and data get copied to public void noChange(int i, int j)
new memory block. So if you make some changes {
15 20 20 25
i += 5;
to the parameter in a function original data does not j += 5;
get affected see the diagram }

}
class CallByValue
{
public static void Main()
{

Test ob = new Test();

int a = 15, b = 20;

a b Console.WriteLine("a and b before call: " + a + " " + b);//15 20

15 20 ob.noChange(a, b);

Console.WriteLine("a and b after call: " + a + " " + b);//15 20

}
}

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 Passing object in a // Objects are reference but pass by as value.

function is call by using System;

class Test

value {
public int a, b;
In call by value when you pass data it get copied
to another memory block. But when you pass public Test(int i, int j)
{
reference in a function another memory block a = i;
get created, since reference variable is holding b = j;
}
Reference(arrow) , same reference (arrow ) /* Pass an object. Now, ob.a and ob.b in object
get copied used in the call will be changed. */
So now both ob and obj pointing to same public void change(Test obj)
{
Memory bloc. obj.a += 5;
obj.b += 5;
}
obj }

class CallByRef
{
public static void Main()
{
ob a=15 20 Test ob = new Test(15, 20);
b=20 25
Console.WriteLine("ob.a and ob.b before call: " + ob.a + " " + ob.b);
ob.change(ob);
Console.WriteLine("ob.a and ob.b after call: " + ob.a + " " + ob.b);
}
}

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 // Use ref to pass a value type by reference.
Call by Reference using System;

class RefTest
When you pass primitive type in a function using {
ref /* This method changes its arguments.
Key another memory block does not get created Notice the use of ref. */
public void sqr(ref int i)
but
{
It is just another name to same memory block. i = i * i;
So if you make some changes to the parameter in a }
function original data will get modified }
see the diagram class RefDemo
Here is one important point to understand about {
ref: An argument passed by ref must be assigned a public static void Main()
{
value prior to the call. The reason is that the
RefTest ob = new RefTest();
method that receives such an argument assumes 10
a
that the parameter refers to a valid value. 100 int a = 10;
i Console.WriteLine("a before call: " + a);

ob.sqr(ref a); // notice the use of ref

Console.WriteLine("a after call: " + a);

When you pass data using ref key word we are
}
using concept of pass(call) by reference }

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 // Swap two values.

Swap two number using System;

class ValueSwap
{ // This method now changes its arguments.
public void Swap(ref int a, ref int b)
{ int t;
t = a;
a = b;
b = t;
}
}
class ValueSwapDemo
{ static void Main()
{ ValueSwap ob = new ValueSwap();
int x = 10, y = 20;
Console.WriteLine("x and y before call: " + x + " " + y);
ob.Swap(ref x, ref y);
Console.WriteLine("x and y after call: " + x + " " + y);
}
}
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 // Objects are reference but pass by as value.

Call by Reference using System;

class Test
{
public int a, b;
When you pass object in a function using ref public Test(int i, int j)
Key another memory block does not get created {
a = i;
but b = j;
It is jut another name to same memory block. So if }
/* Pass an object. Now, ob.a and ob.b in object
you make some changes to the parameter in a used in the call will be changed. */
function original data will get modified public void change(ref Test obj)
{
see the diagram obj.a += 5;
obj.b += 5;
}
}

class CallByRef
{
public static void Main()
{
ob Test ob = new Test(15, 20);
a=15 20 Console.WriteLine("ob.a and ob.b before call: " + ob.a + " " + ob.b);
obj b=20 25
ob.change(ref ob);

Console.WriteLine("ob.a and ob.b after call: " + ob.a + " " + ob.b);
}
}

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 Call by // Use out.

Reference
using System;
class Decompose {
Out is also pass data by reference /* Decompose a floating-point value into its
integer and fractional parts. */
the out parameter. public int parts(double n, out double frac) {
An out parameter is similar to a ref parameter with int whole;
this one exception: It can only be used to pass a value
whole = (int) n;
out of a method.
frac = n - whole; // pass fractional part back through frac
return whole; // return integer portion
It is not necessary (or useful) to give the variable
}
used as an out parameter an initial value prior to
}
calling the method.
class UseOut {

The method will give the variable a value. public static void Main() {

Furthermore, inside the method, an out parameter is Decompose ob = new Decompose();

f
considered unassigned; that is, it is assumed to have int i; 0.125
frac
no initial value. double f; //observed f is not initialized
i = ob.parts(10.125, out f);
This implies that the method must assign the Console.WriteLine("Integer portion is " + i);
parameter a value prior to the method’s Console.WriteLine("Fractional part is " + f);
termination. Thus, after the call to the method, an }
out parameter will contain a value. }

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TASK
• Write a method which will return sum of digit and using out variable let
it send count of digit also.
• Eg. input 123 return(6) in out variable (3)

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 Variable length of arguments // public static void Write(string format, params object[] arg);
using System;
class Min
{ public int minVal(params int[] nums)
{
int m;
Params is a key word which will accept if (nums.Length == 0)
parameter as array so that it will work {
Console.WriteLine("Error: no arguments.");
irrespective of the number of data pass while return 0;
calling function. }
m = nums[0];
Think about for (int i = 1; i < nums.Length; i++)
if (nums[i] < m)
public static void Write(string m = nums[i];

format, params object[] arg); return m;

}
}
We don’t know how many variable class ParamsDemo
{
user is going to print using write public static void Main()
method that is why signature of { Min ob = new Min();
int min;
write method has used params key int a = 10, b = 20;

word // call with two values

0 1 min = ob.minVal(a, b);
Console.WriteLine("Minimum is " + min);
10 20 // call with 3 values
min = ob.minVal(a, b, -1);
Console.WriteLine("Minimum is " + min);
0 1 2
// call with 5 values
10 20 -1 min = ob.minVal(18, 23, 3, 14, 25);
Console.WriteLine("Minimum is " + min);
// can call with an int array, too
int[] args = { 45, 67, 34, 9, 112, 8 };
min = ob.minVal(args);
USM’s Shriram Mantri Console.WriteLine("Minimum
Vidyanidhi Info Tech Academy is " + min);
 Method returning Array
// Return an array.

using System;
class Factor
{
/* Return an array containing the factors of num.
On return, numfactors will contain the number of
factors found. */

public int[] findfactors(int num, out int numfactors)

{

int[] facts = new int[10]; // size of 10 is arbitrary

new Factor(); int i, j;

public int[] findfactors int num
f // find factors and put them in the facts array
for (i = 1, j = 0; i <= num; i++)
12 if ((num % i) == 0)
{
facts[j] = i;
j++;
1 2 3 4 6 12 0 0 0 0 }

numfactors = j;
return facts;
}
int[] }
factS
class FindFactors
{
{numfactors} public static void Main()
{
Factor f = new Factor();
numfactors int numfactors;
int[] factors;

factors = f.findfactors(12, out numfactors);

int[] factors
Console.WriteLine("Factors for 12 are:{0} ", numfactors);
0 for (int i = 0; i < numfactors; i++)

6 Console.Write(factors[i] + " ");

Console.WriteLine();
}
}
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TASK
Write a method which will accept two number and return all even
number between it as array and also give count in out variable.
Int count=
Int [] result=Dojob(5,30)

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 Default Agument static void mycall(string message, int age = 25)
using System; {
Console.Beep();
namespace Named_param Console.WriteLine(" {0}", message);
{ Console.WriteLine(": {0}", age);
class Program }
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{ }
mycall("vita");
mycall("vita", 20); }
Console.ReadLine();
}

// Error! The default value for an optional arg must be known // at compile time!

static void EnterLogData(string message,string owner = "Programmer", DateTime timeStamp = DateTime.Now)

{
Console.Beep();
Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}", message);
Console.WriteLine("Owner of Error: {0}", owner);
Console.WriteLine("Time of Error: {0}", timeStamp);
}
/* This will not compile, as the value of the Now property of the DateTime class is resolved at runtime,
not compile time.*/

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 using System;

namespace ConsoleAppdemo_val
{
Call by Value class Employee
{
eid=1
int a,b; public int eid;
public float sal;
e1
sal=50000
b
a=5; public Employee(int id, float salary)
{
30000

5 eid = id;
b=a; sal = salary; e2
}

a }
class Program
{
5 static void Main(string[] args)
{
Employee e1 = new
Employee(1,50000);
Employee e2;
e2 = e1;
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");

}
}
}

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 Named Parameter

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System; using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text;
using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace ConsoleApplication4
{
namespace ConsoleApplication4 class Program
{ {
class Program static void Main(string[] args)
{ {
static void Main(string[] args) DisplayFancyMessage( "Wow! Very Fancy indeed!", 50, name:"raj");
{ // DisplayFancyMessage( "geeta", message: "hello",50);
DisplayFancyMessage(message: "Wow! Very Fancy indeed!", number:50, name:"raj"); Console.ReadLine();
DisplayFancyMessage(name: "geeta", number: 50, message: "hello");
Console.ReadLine(); }

} static void DisplayFancyMessage( string message,int number, string name,)

{
static void DisplayFancyMessage(int number, string name, string message) Console.WriteLine("{0},{1},{2}",number,name,message );
{
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1},{2}",number,name,message ); }

} }
}
}
}

One minor gotcha regarding named arguments is that if you begin to invoke a method using

positional parameters, they must be listed before any named parameters. In other words,
named arguments must always be packed onto the end of a method call.

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using System;

namespace ConsoleAppADONETSTUDENTS
{
internal class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("***** Fun with Methods *****");
DisplayFancyMessage(message: "Wow! Very Fancy indeed!",textColor: ConsoleColor.DarkRed,
backgroundColor: ConsoleColor.White);

DisplayFancyMessage(backgroundColor: ConsoleColor.Green, message: "Testing...",

textColor: ConsoleColor.DarkBlue);
Console.ReadLine();
}
static void DisplayFancyMessage(ConsoleColor textColor, ConsoleColor backgroundColor, string message)
{

// Set new colors and print message.

// This is OK, as positional args are listed before named args.
Console.ForegroundColor = textColor; DisplayFancyMessage(ConsoleColor.Blue,
Console.BackgroundColor = backgroundColor; message: "Testing...",
backgroundColor: ConsoleColor.White);
Console.WriteLine(message);
} // This is an ERROR, as positional args are listed after named
args.
DisplayFancyMessage(message: "Testing...",
} backgroundColor: ConsoleColor.White,
ConsoleColor.Blue);
}

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 you might still be wondering when you would ever want to use this language feature. After all, if you need to specify three
arguments to a method, why bother flipping around their position?

Well, as it turns out, if you have a method that defines optional arguments, this feature can actually be really helpful.
namespace ConsoleApp2
{
internal class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("***** Fun with Methods *****");

DisplayFancyMessage(textColor: ConsoleColor.DarkRed,backgroundColor: ConsoleColor.White, message: "Wow! Very Fancy

indeed!");

DisplayFancyMessage(backgroundColor: ConsoleColor.Green, textColor: ConsoleColor.DarkBlue, message: "Testing...");

DisplayFancyMessage(message:"Testing...");
DisplayFancyMessage();
Console.ReadLine();
}

static void DisplayFancyMessage(ConsoleColor textColor = ConsoleColor.Blue, ConsoleColor backgroundColor = ConsoleColor. White,

string message = "Test Message"
)
{
// Set new colors and print message.
Console.ForegroundColor = textColor;
Console.BackgroundColor = backgroundColor;
Console.WriteLine(message);

} USM’s Shriram Mantri Vidyanidhi Info Tech Academy