FIBRE OPTICS COMMUNICATION

PRESENTED BY :AJAY RANA B.TECH 3RD YEAR ROLL NO. 0803231011

INTRODUCTION
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from
one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fibre. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunication industry and have played a major role in the advent of the information age.

The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: a. Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, b. Relaying the signal along the fiber, c. Ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, d. Receiving the optical signal, e. Converting it into an electrical signal.

What are Fiber Optics? Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances.

Optical Fiber
Core
Glass or plastic with a higher index of refraction than the cladding Carries the signal

Cladding
Glass or plastic with a lower index of refraction than the core

Buffer
Protects the fiber from damage and moisture

Jacket
Holds one or more fibers in a cable

Physics of Light
Fig.3: Index of refraction

Physics of Light
Fig. 3A shows how a light ray passing from material 1 to material 2 is refracted in material 2 when A1 is less than the critical angle. Fig. 3B shows the condition that exists when A1 is at the critical angle and angle A2 is at 900. The light is directed along the boundary between the 2 materials. Fig. 3C shows that any light ray incident at an angle greater than A1 of Fig. 3B will be reflected back into material 1 with A2 equal to A1.

Reflection in Optical Fiber

Fig 1: Fiber for light beam propagation

Reflection in Optical Fiber

From fig. 1, the light rays are reflected from the inner walls as they propagate lengthwise along the fiber. A single light beam can be modulated simultaneously by hundreds, or even thousands, of independent signals.

Total Internal Reflection of Light

Total internal reflection in optical fibers

Total internal reflection forms the basis for light propagation in optical fibers.

Mode of Propagation
Mode simply means path from which light is propagated. If there is only one path for light to take down the cable, it is called single mode. If there is more than one path, it is called multimode.

Index Profile
A step-index fiber has a central core with a uniform refractive index. The core is surrounded by an outside cladding with a uniform refractive index less than that of the central core.

In a graded-index fiber there is no cladding and the refractive index of the core is non-uniform; it is highest at the center and decreases gradually with distance toward the outer edge.

Single-Mode Step-Index Fiber

It has a central core that is sufficiently small so that there is essentially only one path that light may take as it propagates down the cable. The refractive index of the cladding is slightly less than that of the central core and is uniform throughout the cladding. Consequently, all light rays follow approximately the same path down the cable and take approximately the same amount of time to travel the length of the cable.

Multi-mode Step-Index Fiber

The light rays that strike the core/cladding interface at an angle greater than the critical angle are propagated down the core in a zigzag fashion, continuously reflecting off the interface boundary. There are many paths that a light ray may follow as it propagates down the fiber. As a result, all light rays do not follow the same path and hence do not take the same amount of time to travel the length of the fiber.

Advantages of fiber optics



 

 

 

Much Higher Bandwidth (Gbps) - Thousands of channels can be multiplexed together over one strand of fiber Immunity to Noise - Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Safety - Doesn t transmit electrical signals, making it safe in environments like a gas pipeline. High Security - Impossible to tap into. Less Loss - Repeaters can be spaced 75 miles apart (fibers can be made to have only 0.2 dB/km of attenuation) Reliability - More resilient than copper in extreme environmental conditions. Size - Lighter and more compact than copper. Flexibility - Unlike impure, brittle glass, fiber is physically very flexible.
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DISADVANTAGES
Fibre optics are that the cables are expensive to install. The termination of a fibre optics cable is complex and requires special tools. They are more fragile than coaxial cable.

Present
 Telecommunications  Internet Access  Cable and Satellite Television  Decorative Light Source

Optical Fibre In Telecommunication

 BSNL has the largest optical fibre cable network in the country,
comprising at least 600,000 route kilometres covering all state capitals and district headquarters. The firm also operates around 42,000 telecom towers.

 Tata Teleservices plans to spend Rs.2 billion to raise its optical

fibre network to 5,000 km in the east by March 2006, the company.

 Reliance fully-owned subsidiary of the his Industries, will lay a

4000 route km optical fiber network in Uttar Pradesh, investing 40 billion.

The Internet

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