Measures of Variation

Measure Statistic Parameter

Mean x μ (mu)
Variance
s2 2
Standard Deviation σ(sigma)
s
Proportion p̂ (ρ hat) p

Types of Inferences
Estimation: We estimate the value of a population parameter.

Testing: We formulate a decision about the value of a population

parameter.
Regression: We make predictions or forecasts about the value of a
population parameter.
 Sampling Distribution – a probability distribution which the sample statistic
is a random variable.
Standard Deviation – a quantity calculated to indicate the extent of
deviation for a group as a whole.
Population Variance Sample Variance
U
N n

 
n 2
x   
2 where:
G
i
xi  x n – number of scores
R
O
2
  i 1 s2  i 1

U n n 1
P
E Random Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation
D
2 n n 2
D n
 n
  
A n xi    xi 
2
n xi    xi 
2

T  i 1  s i 1  i 1 
s 2  i 1
n  n  1
A
n  n  1
Examples:
1. The following scores were given by 6 judges for a gymnastic performance
in the vault of an international meet: 7, 5, 9, 7, 8, and 6. Find the standard
deviation of this population.

Solution:
759 78 6
a.  7
6
n 25
 
x  
b. 2
i 3
2  i 1

n Standard
  1.29 deviation
 0    2    2    0   1   1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
 
6
 2. A comparison of coffee prices at 4 randomly selected grocery stores in
Ozamiz City showed increases from the previous month of 12, 15, 17, and
20 cents for a 200 – gram jar. Find the variance of this random sample of
prices increases.

Solution:

a. 12  15  17  20
x  16 cents
4
n

 x  x
b. 2
16  1  1  16
i

s2  i 1
3
n 1 34
2
12  16   15  16   17  16    20  16 
2 2 2 2 s 
s 2
 3
4 1 s 2  11.33
 4    1  1   4 
2 2 2 2


3
 3. Find the sample mean, population variance, sample variance, standard
deviation, and sample standard deviation.

Scores of students in a 10 – item Test

Set A 5 7 4 9 8 7 4 6 5 7 4 6 5 7 8
Solution: Set B 4 6 8 6 3 6 7 4 4 6 7 5 9 6 5

a. Solve for the mean.

x1  x2  x3  ...  xn x1  x2  x3  ...  xn
x x
n n
5  7  4  ...  8 4  6  8  ...  5
x x
15 15
92 86
 
15 15
x  6.13 SET A x  5.73 SET B
 b. Subtract each score to the mean.  xi    or x  x
i

Set A 5 7 4 9 8 7 4 6 5 7 4 6 5 7 8 Set A Set B

Set B 4 6 8 6 3 6 7 4 4 6 7 5 9 6 5
x  6.13 x  5.73
Set A -1.13 0.87 -2.13 2.87 1.87 0.87 -2.13 -0.13 -1.13 0.87 -2.13 -0.13 -1.13 0.87 1.87
Set B -1.73 0.27 2.27 0.27 -2.73 0.27 1.27 -1.73 -1.73 0.27 1.27 -0.73 3.27 0.27 -0.73

Set A 1.2769 0.7569 4.5369 8.2369 3.4969 0.7569 4.5369 0.0169 1.2769 0.7569 4.5369 0.0169 1.2769 0.7569 3.4969
Set B 2.9929 0.0729 5.1529 0.0729 7.4529 0.0729 1.6129 2.9929 2.9929 0.0729 1.6129 0.5329 10.693 0.0729 0.5329

x  
2
Set A i
 2 i 1  2  2.38 Population Variance
n
 2  2.382233333   1.54
235.7335
   2  2.382233333
15 Standard Deviation
 b. Subtract each score to the mean.
 xi    or x  x
i

Set A 5 7 4 9 8 7 4 6 5 7 4 6 5 7 8 Set A Set B

Set B 4 6 8 6 3 6 7 4 4 6 7 5 9 6 5
x  6.13 x  5.73
Set A -1.13 0.87 -2.13 2.87 1.87 0.87 -2.13 -0.13 -1.13 0.87 -2.13 -0.13 -1.13 0.87 1.87
Set B -1.73 0.27 2.27 0.27 -2.73 0.27 1.27 -1.73 -1.73 0.27 1.27 -0.73 3.27 0.27 -0.73

Set A 1.2769 0.7569 4.5369 8.2369 3.4969 0.7569 4.5369 0.0169 1.2769 0.7569 4.5369 0.0169 1.2769 0.7569 3.4969
Set B 2.9929 0.0729 5.1529 0.0729 7.4529 0.0729 1.6129 2.9929 2.9929 0.0729 1.6129 0.5329 10.693 0.0729 0.5329

x  
2
Set B i
2
  i 1  2  2.46 Population Variance
n
 2  2.462233333   1.57
2 36.9335
   2  2.462233333
15 Standard Deviation
Sample Variance

Set A Set B
n n

 x  x x  x
2 2
i i
s2  i 1
s2  i 1

n 1 n 1

2 35.7335 2 36.9335
s  s 
15  1 15  1

s 2  2.55 s 2  2.64
Random Sample Variance

Set A Set B
n n 2
2  
n
 n
 n xi    xi 
2
n xi    xi 
2
 i 1 
 i 1  s 2  i 1
s 2  i 1 n  n  1
n  n  1
15 530   86 
2

15  600   92 
2 2
2 s 
s  15 15  1
15 15  1
268 277
 
105 105
2
s  2.55 s 2  2.64
s  1.60 Sample Standard Deviation s  1.62
 4. Find the sample mean, population variance, sample variance, standard
deviation, and sample standard deviation.

Set A 7 7 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9
Set B 6 7 7 6 7 8 8 9 9 8
Set C 5 6 7 8 9 9 5 8 8 7
Solution:

Set A 7 7 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 80
Set B 6 7 7 6 7 8 8 9 9 8 75
Set C 5 6 7 8 9 9 5 8 8 7 72

Set A Set B Set C

80 75 72
x x x
10 10 10
=8 = 7.5 = 7.2
Solution:
Set A 7 7 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 80
Set B 6 7 7 6 7 8 8 9 9 8 75
Set C 5 6 7 8 9 9 5 8 8 7 72

Set A x8 Set B x  7.5 Set C x  7.2

Set A -1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Set B -1.5 -0.5 -0.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 0.5
Set C -2.2 -1.2 -0.2 0.8 1.8 1.8 -2.2 0.8 0.8 -0.2

Set A 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
Set B 2.25 0.25 0.25 2.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.25 2.25 0.25 10.5
Set C 4.84 1.44 0.04 0.64 3.24 3.24 4.84 0.64 0.64 0.04 19.6
Solution:
Set A 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
Set B 2.25 0.25 0.25 2.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.25 2.25 0.25 10.5
Set C 4.84 1.44 0.04 0.64 3.24 3.24 4.84 0.64 0.64 0.04 19.6

Set A Set B Set C

n n n

x   x   x  

2 2 2
i i i
2  i 1
2  i 1
2  i 1

n n n
2 4 2 10.5 2 19.6
     
10 10 10

 2  0.4  2  1.05  2  1.96

  0.63   1.02   1.4

 Sample Standard Deviation
Set A 7 7 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 80
Set B 6 7 7 6 7 8 8 9 9 8 75
Set C 5 6 7 8 9 9 5 8 8 7 72
Set A 49 49 64 64 81 64 64 64 64 81 644
Set B 36 49 49 36 49 64 64 81 81 64 573
Set C 25 36 49 64 81 81 25 64 64 49 538

Set A 2
n n
 
n xi    xi 
2

 i 1  4 2 4
s 2  i 1  s 
n  n  1 9 9
s 2  0.44 2
10  644   80 
2
s
2
s  3
10 10  1
 Sample Standard Deviation
Set A 7 7 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 80
Set B 6 7 7 6 7 8 8 9 9 8 75
Set C 5 6 7 8 9 9 5 8 8 7 72
Set A 49 49 64 64 81 64 64 64 64 81 644
Set B 36 49 49 36 49 64 64 81 81 64 573
Set C 25 36 49 64 81 81 25 64 64 49 538

Set B 2
n n
 
n xi    xi 
2

 i 1  7 2 7
s 2  i 1  s 
n  n  1 6 6
s 2  1.17
10 573   75 
2
s  1.08
2
s 
10 10  1
 Sample Standard Deviation
Set A 7 7 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 80
Set B 6 7 7 6 7 8 8 9 9 8 75
Set C 5 6 7 8 9 9 5 8 8 7 72
Set A 49 49 64 64 81 64 64 64 64 81 644
Set B 36 49 49 36 49 64 64 81 81 64 573
Set C 25 36 49 64 81 81 25 64 64 49 538

Set C 2
n n
 
n xi    xi 
2

 i 1  98 98
2
s 2  i 1  s 
n  n  1 45 45
s 2  2.18
10 538    72 
2
s  1.48
2
s 
10 10  1
 Measures of Variability for Grouped Data

Population Sample

n n 2
2  
 n 2   n fxi    fxi 
n 2
n   fxi     fxi  i 1  i 1 
 2   i 1   i 1  s2 
n2 n  n  1

 f x  x
2
where:

σ = population standard deviation s2  i 1

s = sample standard deviation n 1

x = class mark/class midpoint
f = frequency of the class
n = class size
 5. Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of
the given table below.

Class Class
f x <cf fx xx
Interval
40 - 43 3
Boundaries
39.5 - 43.5 41.5 3 124.5 - 13.8 x
 fx
44 - 47 7 43.5 - 47.5 45.5 10 318.5 - 9.8 N
48 - 51 5 47.5 - 51.5 49.5 15 247.5 - 5.8
52 - 55 7 51.5 - 55.5 53.5 22 374.5 - 1.8
56 - 59 7 55.5 - 59.5 57.5 29 402.5 2.2 2212
60 - 63 4 59.5 - 63.5 61.5 33 246 6.2 x
64 - 67 3 63.5 - 67.5 65.5 36 196.5 10.2
40
68 - 71 1 67.5 - 71.5 69.5 37 69.5 14.2
72 - 75 1 71.5 - 75.5 73.5 38 73.5 18.2
76 - 79 1 75.5 - 79.5 77.5 39 77.5 22.2
80 - 83 1 79.5 - 83.5 81.5 40 81.5 26.2
x  55.3
  40       2212
 5. Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of
the given table below.

n n 2
 2  
Class
f x fx x 2
fx 2 n   fxi     fxi 
Interval
 2   i 1   i 1 
40 - 43 3 41.5 124.5 1722.25 5166.75 n2
44 - 47 7 45.5 318.5 2070.25 14491.75
40 125,970    2212 
2
48 - 51 5 49.5 247.5 2450.25 12251.25 
52 - 55 7 53.5 374.5 2862.25 20035.75 402
56 - 59 7 57.5 402.5 3306.25 23143.75
60 - 63 4 61.5 246 3782.25 15129  2  91.16 Population variance
64 - 67 3 65.5 196.5 4290.25 12870.75
68 - 71 1 69.5 69.5 4830.25 4830.25
72 - 75 1 73.5 73.5 5402.25 5402.25   9.55 Standard Deviation
76 - 79 1 77.5 77.5 6006.25 6006.25
80 - 83 1 81.5 81.5 6642.25 6642.25
  40  676.5 2212 43,364.75 125,970
 5. Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of
the given table below.
n

 f x  x
2

 
2
Class
x  x
2
Interval
f x xx f xx i
s2  i 1
40 - 43 3 41.5 - 13.8 190.44 571.32 n 1
44 - 47 7 45.5 - 9.8 96.04 672.28
48 - 51 5 49.5 - 5.8 33.64 168.20 3, 646.40

52 - 55 7 53.5 - 1.8 3.24 22.68 40  1
56 - 59 7 57.5 2.2 4.84 33.88
60 - 63 4 61.5 6.2 38.44 153.76
64 - 67 3 65.5
s 2  93.50 Sample Variance
10.2 104.04 312.12
68 - 71 1 69.5 14.2 201.64 201.64
72 - 75 1 73.5 18.2 331.24 331.24
76 - 79 1 77.5 22.2 492.84 492.84 s  9.67 Standard Deviation
80 - 83 1 81.5 26.2 686.44 686.44
  40   2182.84 3646.40
 5. Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of
the given table below.

n n 2
 
Class 2 n fxi    fxi 
2

Interval
f x fx x 2
fx i 1  i 1 
s2 
40 - 43 3 41.5 124.5 1722.25 5166.75 n  n  1
44 - 47 7 45.5 318.5 2070.25 14491.75
40 125,970    2212 
2
48 - 51 5 49.5 247.5 2450.25 12251.25
52 - 55 7 53.5 374.5 2862.25 20035.75 
40  40  1
56 - 59 7 57.5 402.5 3306.25 23143.75
60 - 63 4 61.5 246 3782.25 15129
64 - 67 3 65.5 196.5 4290.25 12870.75
s 2  93.50 Sample Variance

68 - 71 1 69.5 69.5 4830.25 4830.25

72 - 75 1 73.5 73.5 5402.25 5402.25 s  9.67 Standard Deviation
76 - 79 1 77.5 77.5 6006.25 6006.25
80 - 83 1 81.5 81.5 6642.25 6642.25
  40  676.5 2212 43,364.75 125,970
 Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of the given
data below.

Scores of Students in 20 – Item Test 7. Scores of Students in the Final Exam

Class Interval f
Set A 15 17 14 19 18 17 14 16 15 17
55 - 59 10
Set B 14 11 18 16 13 16 10 14 14 16 60 – 64 9
Set C 11 13 15 18 19 10 9 11 17 14 65 – 69 8
70 – 74 11
75 – 79 8
80 – 84 7
85 – 89 5
90 – 94 4
95 - 99 3
Solution:
Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of
the given data below.

Scores of Students in 20 – Item Test

Set A 15 17 14 19 18 17 14 16 15 17
Set B 14 11 18 16 13 16 10 14 14 16
Set C 11 13 15 18 19 10 9 11 17 14

Set A 15 17 14 19 18 17 14 16 15 17 162
Set B 14 11 18 16 13 16 10 14 14 16 142
Set C 11 13 15 18 19 10 9 11 17 14 137

Set A Set B Set C

162 142 137

x x x
10 10 10
= 16.2 = 14.2 = 13.7
 Set A Set B Set C
x
x  16.2 x  14.2 x  13.7

Set A 15 17 14 19 18 17 14 16 15 17 Set A -1.2 0.8 -2.2 2.8 1.8 0.8 -2.2 -0.2 -1.2 0.8
Set B 14 11 18 16 13 16 10 14 14 16 Set B -0.2 -3.2 3.8 1.8 -1.2 1.8 -4.2 -0.2 -0.2 1.8
Set C 11 13 15 18 19 10 9 11 17 14 Set C -2.7 -0.7 1.3 4.3 5.3 -3.7 -4.7 -2.7 3.3 0.3

Set A 1.44 0.64 4.84 7.84 3.24 0.64 4.84 0.04 1.44 0.64 25.6

Set B 0.04 10.24 14.44 3.24 1.44 3.24 17.64 0.04 0.04 3.24 53.6

Set C 7.29 0.49 1.69 18.49 28.09 13.69 22.09 7.29 10.89 0.09 110

Set A
n  2  2.56 Population Variance

x  
2
i
2 25.6   1.6 Standard Deviation
  i 1

n 10
 Set A Set B Set C
x
x  16.2 x  14.2 x  13.7

Set A 15 17 14 19 18 17 14 16 15 17 Set A -1.2 0.8 -2.2 2.8 1.8 0.8 -2.2 -0.2 -1.2 0.8
Set B 14 11 18 16 13 16 10 14 14 16 Set B -0.2 -3.2 3.8 1.8 -1.2 1.8 -4.2 -0.2 -0.2 1.8
Set C 11 13 15 18 19 10 9 11 17 14 Set C -2.7 -0.7 1.3 4.3 5.3 -3.7 -4.7 -2.7 3.3 0.3

Set A 1.44 0.64 4.84 7.84 3.24 0.64 4.84 0.04 1.44 0.64 25.6

Set B 0.04 10.24 14.44 3.24 1.44 3.24 17.64 0.04 0.04 3.24 53.6

Set C 7.29 0.49 1.69 18.49 28.09 13.69 22.09 7.29 10.89 0.09 110

Set B
n  2  5.36 Population Variance

x  
2
i
2 53.6   2.32 Standard Deviation
  i 1

n 10
 Set A Set B Set C
x
x  16.2 x  14.2 x  13.7

Set A 15 17 14 19 18 17 14 16 15 17 Set A -1.2 0.8 -2.2 2.8 1.8 0.8 -2.2 -0.2 -1.2 0.8
Set B 14 11 18 16 13 16 10 14 14 16 Set B -0.2 -3.2 3.8 1.8 -1.2 1.8 -4.2 -0.2 -0.2 1.8
Set C 11 13 15 18 19 10 9 11 17 14 Set C -2.7 -0.7 1.3 4.3 5.3 -3.7 -4.7 -2.7 3.3 0.3

Set A 1.44 0.64 4.84 7.84 3.24 0.64 4.84 0.04 1.44 0.64 25.6

Set B 0.04 10.24 14.44 3.24 1.44 3.24 17.64 0.04 0.04 3.24 53.6

Set C 7.29 0.49 1.69 18.49 28.09 13.69 22.09 7.29 10.89 0.09 110

Set C
n  2  11 Population Variance

x  
2
i
2 110   3.32 Standard Deviation
  i 1

n 10
 Set A 1.44 0.64 4.84 7.84 3.24 0.64 4.84 0.04 1.44 0.64 25.6

Set B 0.04 10.24 14.44 3.24 1.44 3.24 17.64 0.04 0.04 3.24 53.6

Set C 7.29 0.49 1.69 18.49 28.09 13.69 22.09 7.29 10.89 0.09 110

Set A Set B Set C

n n n

x  x x  x   x  x
2 2 2
i i i
s2  i 1
s2  i 1
s2  i 1

n 1 n 1 n 1
25.6 53.6 110
  
10  1 10  1 10  1
2
s  2.84 Sample Variance 2
s  5.96 Sample Variance s 2  12.22
s  1.69 Standard Deviation s  2.44 Standard Deviation s  3.50
 Set A 15 17 14 19 18 17 14 16 15 17 162
Set B 14 11 18 16 13 16 10 14 14 16 142
Set C 11 13 15 18 19 10 9 11 17 14 137

Set A 225 289 196 361 324 289 196 256 225 289 2650
Set B 196 121 324 256 169 256 100 196 196 256 2070
Set C 121 169 225 324 361 100 81 121 289 196 1987

Set A Set B Set C

n n 2 2 2
  n
  n n
 n

n xi    xi 
2
n xi    xi 
2
n xi    xi 
2

s 2  i 1  i 1   i 1   i 1 
s 2  i 1 s 2  i 1
n  n  1 n  n  1 n  n  1
10  2650   162  10  2070   142 
2 2
10 1987   137 
2

  
10 10  1 10 10  1 10 10  1
s 2  2.84 s 2  5.96 s 2  12.23
s  1.69 s  2.44 s  3.50
 Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of the given
data below.
Scores of Students in the Final Exam n n 2
 2  
n   fxi     fxi 
Class Interval f x fx x2 fx 2  2   i 1   i 1 
n2
55 - 59 10 57 570 3249 32490
65 354, 450    4740 
60 – 64 9 62 558 3844 34596 2

65 – 69 8 67 536 4489 35912 

70 – 74 11 72 792 5184 57024 652
75 – 79 8 77 616 5929 47432
80 – 84 7 82 574 6724 47068  2  135.30 Population Variance
85 – 89 5 87 435 7569 37845
90 – 94 4 92 368 8464 33856   11.63 Standard Deviation
95 - 99 3 97 291 9409 28227
65 4740 354, 450
 Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of the given
data below.
n n 2
Scores of Students in the Final Exam  2  
n   fxi     fxi 
s 2   i 1   i 1 
Class Interval f x fx x2 fx 2 n  n  1
55 - 59 10 57 570 3249 32490
65 354, 450    4740 
2
60 – 64 9 62 558 3844 34596
65 – 69 8 67 536 4489 35912 
70 – 74 11 72 792 5184 57024 65  65  1
75 – 79 8 77 616 5929 47432
80 – 84 7 82 574 6724 47068 s 2  137.42 Sample Variance
85 – 89 5 87 435 7569 37845
90 – 94 4 92 368 8464 33856 s  11.72 Standard Deviation
95 - 99 3 97 291 9409 28227
65 4740 354, 450
Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of the given
data below.

Scores of Students in the Final Exam

Class x
 fx
f x fx n
Interval
55 - 59 10 57 570
60 – 64 9 62 558 4740

65 – 69 8 67 536 65
70 – 74 11 72 792
75 – 79 8 77 616 x  72.92
80 – 84 7 82 574
85 – 89 5 87 435
90 – 94 4 92 368
95 - 99 3 97 291
  65   4740
 Find the population variance, sample variance and standard deviation of the given
data below.
Scores of Students in the Final Exam n

 f x  x
2
Class
x  x  
2 2
f x fx i
Interval xx f xx
s2  i 1
55 - 59 10 57 570 -15.92 253.4464 2534.464 n 1
60 – 64 9 62 558 -10.92 119.2464 1073.2176
65 – 69 8 67 536 -5.92 35.0464 280.3712 8, 794.616
70 – 74 11 72 792 -0.92 0.8464 9.3104 
75 – 79 8 77 616 4.08 16.6464 133.1712
65  1
80 – 84 7 82 574 9.08 82.4464 577.1248
85 – 89 5 87 435 14.08 198.2464 991.232 s 2  137.42 Sample Variance

90 – 94 4 92 368 19.08 364.0464 1456.1856

95 - 99 3 97 291 24.08 579.8464 1739.5392 s  11.72 Standard Deviation
  65   4740     8794.616