Grammar PPT - Connectives - 2022

Connectives
© Oxford University Press

Using and, but and or

What do you already
know? Answer the
questions.

What do you already know?
(1) The menu in this restaurant contains
a lot of vegetables _____ fruits.
a) and
b) but
c) or

(2) Which of the following sentences is
correct?
a) The food in Vietnam is cheap or
delicious.
b) The entrance fee is not cheap but it
is worth it.
c) There is no right and wrong answer
to this question.
NOT correct?
a) We don’t mind if the baby is a boy or
a girl.
b) He and I have been friends for years.
c) He waved at everyone but me!
d) It is different from what I would eat at
home and it is delicious.
When do we use
connectives?

We use connectives …
• to join ideas in a sentence
e.g. and but or

We use and …
similar
ideas:
• to join similar ideas people
e.g. Mum and I went to

the beach last
Sunday.

We also use and …
• to add extra information

e.g. Oscar woke up at 7a.m. and
brushed his teeth.
extra information

We use but …
• to join contrasting/different ideas

e.g. My friends love playing volleyball
but I do not.
contrasting ideas

We use or …
• to talk about alternatives/choices
He is thinking whether to
play basketball or
football.
two choices

We also use or …
• to connect similar ideas in a

negative sentence negative sentence
e.g. Christine doesn’t like

beef or pork.
similar
ideas:
food
Review
When do we use
and/but/or?

and but or
• talk about
• join similar ideas alternatives
• join contrasting/
• add extra • join similar ideas
different ideas
information in a negative
sentence

Connectives of reason:
as, because and since
What do you already
know? Answer the
questions.

(1) Which of the following sentences is NOT
correct?
a) English is easier than French as I’m
learning English first.
b) We went to the beach yesterday
because the weather was nice.
c) Since the weather forecast predicted
rain, I decided to bring an umbrella.
(2) Which of the following sentences is NOT
correct?
a) Luca ordered a meal without meat because
he is vegetarian.
b) Since you’re not listening, I’ll stop talking.
c) As I’m busy I won’t go to the concert with
you.

(3) Where can we put since in the following
sentence?
__(A)__ I can’t read the menu __(B)__ it’s
written in Italian.
a) (A)
b) (B)
c) either (A) or (B)

What are connectives
of reason?

We use connectives of reason …
because as since
to explain the reason for something by

introducing a clause of reason

Because/As/Since Ian
broke the window, his
mum scolded him.

We can put connectives of
reason at the beginning of a
sentence.
In these cases, separate the

two clauses with a comma
(,).

Since the market was
closed, Vivian decided to
buy eggs at the grocery
store.

We can also put connectives of
reason in the middle of a sentence.
In these cases, don’t add a comma.

Mum is scolding my sister
because she failed her
exam.

Because usually goes in the
middle of a sentence, not at
the beginning.

Review
When do we use
connectives of reason?

Connectives of reason
because as since
show the reason for something

Review
When do we use a comma

with connectives of reason?

We add a comma …
between the two clauses

when we put connectives of reason
at the beginning of a sentence

Using although/though and
despite/in spite of
What do you already
know? Answer the
questions.

(1) Which of the following connectives
should be followed by a clause?
a) Although
b) Though
c) Both of the above

NOT correct?
a) Although Kristy had a lantern, she
couldn’t see anything in the darkness.
b) Despite Peter set an alarm, he failed
to wake up early.
c) In spite of the pain in his leg, he
completed the marathon.
correct?
a) In spite of the fact that he worked
hard, he didn’t pass the exam.
b) The holiday was great despite the
hotel wasn’t very nice.
c) In spite the rain, we enjoyed our
camping holiday.
When do we use
although/
though and despite/
in spite of?

although/ despite/
though in spite of
• join two opposing ideas

Although the detective book was
not well-written, I finished it in a
day.

Despite the long storyline, this
detective film is easy to follow.

although/though
• always followed by a clause
despite/in spite of
• always followed by a noun/
noun phrase/pronoun/gerund

clause
Although/Though I was sleepy,

I stayed up late to watch my
favourite documentary.

noun phrase
Despite/In spite of my sleepiness,

I stayed up late to watch my
favourite documentary.

Use although/though
and despite/in spite of
at the beginning or in
the middle of a
sentence.

Although/Though the equation
was complicated, Tom solved it.
Tom solved the equation

although/though it was
complicated.

Despite/In spite of the heavy rain,
Peter walked to work.
Peter walked to work

despite/in spite of the heavy rain.

though = although, but
though is less formal

Instead of though/although,
we can also use:
• even though
• even if
• while

Review
How do we use
although/
though
and despite/
in spite of?

although though
despite in spite of
• join opposing ideas

although though
• followed by a clause
despite in spite of
• followed by a noun/noun phrase/

pronoun/gerund

Using so, so that
and so as to
What do you already
know? Answer the
questions.

(1) Which of the following connectives is
used simply to talk about a result?
a) so that
b) so
c) so as to

NOT correct?
a) He reads recipes every day so as to
improve his cooking skills.
b) I broke my leg while skiing, so I can’t
join the marathon.
c) It is going to rain so that I bring an
umbrella.
correct?
a) Kate is the most qualified applicant, so
she got the job.
b) You should wear light-coloured clothes
while cycling so you are more visible.
c) I am planning to move to Kowloon so to
be closer to my office.

When do we use so?

We use so …
to talk about the result of an action

Tom wants to be a voice actor,
so he often practises speaking.
So is usually placed
in the middle of the
sentence and before
the result

When do we use so
that?

We use so that …
to talk about the reason for, or

purpose of, an action
So that always comes before a clause

So that often goes with modal verbs:
• can, will, may (present or future)
• could, would, might (past)

We have to take a taxi so that
we can arrive at the cinema on time.
So that is usually
placed before the
reason or purpose

Tom bought a ticket early so that
he could get a good seat.

When do we use so as
to?

We use so as to …
to talk about the reason for, or

purpose of, an action
So as to always comes before a verb

Sally bought a cookbook so as to
learn how to cook.
So as to is usually
placed before the
reason or purpose

We can make so as to negative by
placing not before the to-infinitive.

Please turn down the volume
so as not to disturb others.

Review
When do we use so, so

that and so as to?

so
• the result of an action
so that so as to
• the reason for, or purpose of,
an action

lest

When do we use lest?

lest means …
• for fear that

• in order to avoid

I won’t waste your time
responding point-by-point lest I
give credence to
unsubstantiated allegations and
tortured innuendo.

Don’t push people too hard, lest
you damage close friendships
unnecessarily.

Until and Till

Until == Till
• Until and till have the same meaning.

When do we use until /
till?

We use until / till …
to indicate when something will

happen, begin, or end

I’ll be busy until 5:30 today.
=
I’ll be busy till 5:30 today.

Sunderland have signed free
agent Victor Anichebe on a deal
until the end of the season.
=
Sunderland have signed free
agent Victor Anichebe on a deal
till the end of the season.

after

When do we use after?

After I left him a message, he
phoned me immediately.

She did voluntary work in a
hospital after she graduated.

before

When do we use
before?

before means …
earlier than the time or event

mentioned

Before she left, she had gave
everyone a present.

Before I go to work, I jog for at
least an hour.

as soon as

When do we use as
soon as?

We use as soon as…
 to introduce depending clause in

sentence
 to indicate an action which

immediately happens after the
completion of first one

As soon as I reached the station,
the train arrived.

The train arrived as soon as I
reached the station.

I will call you as soon as I finish
my work.

no sooner … than …
hardly … when …
When do we use no
sooner … than …?

We use no sooner … than …
 to indicate that one thing happens

immediately after another.

No sooner did I go to bed than I
fell asleep.

No sooner had I arrived at the
station than the train came.

No sooner does the bell ring than
the students start to come out.

When do we use
hardly … when …

We use hardly … when …
 to indicate two things happened

after one another.
 It means ‘almost not’, ‘certainly not’
or ‘only just’.

Hardly had I entered the garden
when I saw a snake.

Hardly had John arrived school
when his phone rang.

Hardly had Nancy reached the
station when the train arrived.

As soon as No sooner … than
As soon as I reached home, they No sooner did I reach home than

welcomed me. they welcomed me.
No sooner did the mother finish
The baby started crying as soon as
cooking than the baby started
the mother finished cooking.
crying.
As soon as she took the exam, she No sooner did she take the exam
felt relieved. than she felt relieved.

if, unless, if …
not
When do we use if?

• STUDY THE GRAMMAR NOTE
ABOUT CONDITIONAL TENSES BY
YOURSELF!!!!!!!!!!!!

We use if
 to introduce possible or impossible

situations or conditions and their
results.

If you don’t book now, you
won’t get good tickets.

They’d have got the job done
quicker if they’d had more
people working on it.

When do we use
unless / if…not?

You can't go on vacation unless
you save some money.
If you don't save some money,

you can't go on vacation.

• Unless is good to use when it
highlights an exception to what is
generally true.

I'll arrive at 10am unless there is
traffic.
I'll arrive at 10am if there isn't

traffic.

I'll be annoyed if I do not arrive
at 10am. – (Being late will
annoy me.)
I'll be annoyed unless I arrive at

10am. - (The only thing that can
stop me from being annoyed is
arriving at 10am.)

either … or …,
neither … nor …
When do we use
either…or…?

We use either…or…
 to affirms each of two alternatives

Rita wants either a motorcycle or
a water scooter for her birthday.

When do we use
neither…nor…?

We use neither…nor…
 simultaneously negates them

Neither the pizza nor the ice-
cream is here.

• Either…or… and neither…nor…
constructions act as conjunctions:
they connect two things with each
other.

Either salad or soup will be
served for lunch.
Maya is neither happy nor sad
about this.

• Such constructions can also occur in
relative clauses or be used to
describe a noun.

Poco, who is neither qualified
nor experienced, is now our
manager.
Any bread, either white or

brown, will do.

• As conjunctions, either…or… and
neither…nor… can join clauses in a
sentence.

Either you like chocolate, or you
don’t.
Neither does she care, nor does

she pretend to care.

not only … but
also …
When do we use not
only … but also …?

We use not only … but also …
 to add emphasis when writing

about two related things

He is not only tall but also strong.

The manager not only gave me
a refund, but he also offered me
a 50% discount on my next
meal.

The end
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Connectives

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

• to join ideas in a sentence

e.g. and but or

© Oxford University Press

e.g. Mum and I went to

© Oxford University Press

• to add extra information

© Oxford University Press

• to join contrasting/different ideas

© Oxford University Press

• to talk about alternatives/choices

© Oxford University Press

• to connect similar ideas in a

e.g. Christine doesn’t like

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

to explain the reason for something by

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

In these cases, separate the

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

In these cases, don’t add a comma.

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

show the reason for something

© Oxford University Press

When do we use a comma

© Oxford University Press

between the two clauses

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© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press

Although/Though I was sleepy,

© Oxford University Press

Despite/In spite of my sleepiness,

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© Oxford University Press

Tom solved the equation

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Peter walked to work

© Oxford University Press