SERVICES VI ( AR-310B)

LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
 Building services

• Water supply and sanitation.

• Fire fighting.
• Natural and artificial Lighting.
• Acoustics.
• Communication systems (Networking and Telephones)
• HVAC
• Lifts and escalators.
• Energy supply in a building Gas and electricity.

UNIT I
• Human Comfort conditions
•Need for Mechanical ventilation in
buildings
•Rate of ventilation for different
occupancies.
•Methods & equipment employed for
mechanical ventilation in buildings.
UNIT III:
•Air Conditioning methods & Equipment
•Window units, Split units, ductable air
conditioners & package system
•Central air-conditioning systems: AC
plant and room, all air systems and
chilled water systems, AHU & FC units,
Building ducting, diffusers & grills
•Location of air conditioning equipment
in building. Architectural requirement of
various equipment.
•Residential and commercial air-
conditioning, energy conservation
techniques
•Introduction to the concept of ‘Clean
Room’ and their architectural
requirements
Building services – VI SYLLABUS
UNIT II:
• Air Conditioning
•Principles of Air-conditioning, Indoor Air Quality, Carnot cycles, gas laws, refrigeration,
cycles & refrigerants.
•Architectural consideration for air conditioned buildings
•Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages, brief introduction to psychometric process, air cycle
& refrigeration cycle. Summer and winter air-conditioning, calculation of air conditioning
loads
•Zoning: purpose and advantages, Air distribution systems: Ducts and duct systems, Air-outlets
•Compressors, Condensers, Evaporators, heat exchangers, etc.
UNIT IV:
• Elevators (Lifts) and Escalators
•Brief History-types of Elevators like traction, hydraulic etc. Double-decker, sky lobby, lift
lobby, lift interiors etc.
•Definition & components
•Elevatoring a building: environmental conditions i.e. location in building, serving floors,
grouping, size, shape of passenger car, door arrangement etc.
•Types of Lifts, passenger, capsule, hospital bed lift, goods lift etc.
•Working and operation of lifts, parts of lifts, industry standards and capacity calculations
•Provision to be made in buildings for installation: location, systems, sizes, equipment, spatial
requirement
•Introduction to working of escalator & design, escalators location, equipment
 INTENT
SERVICES VI ( AR-310B)

• Intention is to understand how to make a building

comfortable to live and work.

• What are the technical means to make it comfortable and

how those will be installed in a building
and
• Why do we need to learn about these services with the
Architectural Design.
 INTRODUCTION OF SUBJECT

BROADLY WE WILL LEARN THE FOLLOWING TOPICS

IN THIS SEMESTER:

•HUMAN COMFORT CONDITIONS, MECHANICAL

VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING.

•MECHANICAL CIRCULATION SYSTEMS (LIFTS AND

ESCALATORS)
 INTRODUCTION OF THE SUBJECT

WE WILL FIRST COVER HUMAN COMFORT

CONDITIONS , VENTILATION AND AIR-
CONDITIONING
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading this lecture you will be able to
understand:

•THE FACTORS OF HUMAN COMFORT

•SYSTEMS AND TYPES OF VENTILLATION

 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Before we move on to human comfort conditions let
us know the following interesting facts about heating,
ventilation and air-conditioning :
•Shade and cool water were the only means of relief for
prehistoric people. This continued for millions of years.

•Forts in medieval Europe had fireplaces which could only

heat up air around it. Pictures show Kings and queens wore
furs and gloves indoors in winters.

•But the Romans made exceptional progress in circulating air

under hollow floors and walls after warming it

Hypocausts were used for heating
hot baths, houses and other
buildings, public and private. The
ceiling of the hypocaust was raised
above the ground by pillars, called
pilae stacks, supporting a layer of
tiles, followed by a layer of
concrete, then the floor tiles of the
rooms above.
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
the Romans developed a primitive air
conditioning system by utilizing their
famous aqueducts to circulate fresh
water through indoor pipes, a
method that significantly reduced the
air temperature inside stuffy villas.
 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
• In Middle East, people hung wet mats in front of open
doorways and achieved a crude form of evaporative cooling.

• Leonardo Da Vinci designed a large Evaporative cooler.

• Modern Air-conditioning began scarcely 115 years ago.

• By 2000, in US, the total installed value of $50 billion yearly.

 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

• Air-conditioning unit made by Da Vinci. This storey high great wheel

stood outside the palace wall and was turned by water power –
sometimes assisted by slaves. Valves opened and closed automatically
drawing air into the drum where it was washed and forced out through
the hollow shaft and piped into the room.
HUMAN COMFORT
 HUMAN COMFORT

BODY HEAT LOSS

• HUMAN BODY CREATES HEAT WHEN IT
METABOLIZES (OXIDIZES) FOOD.

•HOT & COLD FEELINGS – RATE OF BODY HEAT LOSS.

•WHEN RATE OF HEAT LOSS WITHIN CERTAIN

LIMITS COMFORTABLE FEELING ENSUES. IF LOW, IT
IS HOT AND HIGH, ITS COLD.

•HEAT LOSS – 3 PROCESSES – CONVECTION,

CONDUCTION AND RADIATION.
HUMAN COMFORT
 HUMAN COMFORT
• IN RADIATION, BODY HEAT TRANSMITTED
THROUGH SPACE DIRECTLY TO NEARBY OBJECTS
(LIKE WALLS) WHICH ARE AT LOWER
TEMPERATURES THAN THE BODY.

• SO, WE FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE WHILE SITTING

NEAR A WINDOW OR A WALL IN COLD WEATHER
EVEN IN A WARM ROOM.

• THE BODY IS COOLED BY EVAPORATION: WATER

ON THE SKIN (PERSPIRATION) WHICH HAS
ABSORBED HEAT FROM THE BODY, EVAPORATES
INTO THE SURROUNDING AIR, TAKING THE HEAT
WITH HEAT.
 HUMAN COMFORT
• THE RATE OF BODY HEAT LOSS IS AFFECTED BY 5
CONDITIONS:

1. Air Temperature
2. Air Humidity
3. Air Motion
4. Temperature of surrounding objects
5. Clothing

• SYSTEM DESIGNERS AND OPERATORS CAN

CONTROL COMFORT PRIMARILY BY ADJUSTING
THREE OF THESE CONDITIONS: TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY AND AIR MOTION.
 HUMAN COMFORT
• INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE MAY BE RAISED TO
DECREASE BODY HEAT LOSS (WINTER) OR
LOWERED TO INCREASE BODY HEAT LOSS
(SUMMER) BY EVAPORATION.

• HUMIDITY MAY BE RAISED TO DECREASE BODY

HEAT LOSS (WINTER) OR LOWERED TO
INCREASE BODY HEAT LOSS (SUMMER) BY
EVAPORATION.

• AIR MOTION MAY BE RAISED TO INCREASE BODY

HEAT LOSS (SUMMER) AND LOWERED TO
DECREASE BODY HEAT LOSS (WINTER) BY
CONVECTION.
 HUMAN COMFORT
• OCCUPANTS OF THE BUILDINGS, OF COURSE,
HAVE SOME PERSONAL CONTROL OVER THEIR
OWN COMFORT. FOR INSTANCE, THEY CAN
CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF CLOTHING THAT
THEY WEAR, THEY CAN USE LOCAL FANS TO
INCREASE CONVECTION AND EVAPORATIVE HEAT
LOSS, AND THEY CAN EVEN STAY AWAY FROM
COLD WALLS AND WINDOWS TO KEEP WARMER
IN WINTER.
 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
• Air quality – degree of purity of the air.

• Presence of tobacco smoke, dust particles,

micro-organisms and toxic gases affects air
quality.

• Filters remove particles.

• Adsorvent chemicals may be used to remove

toxic gases.
(Absorbent is the process by which a material absorbs some amount
of liquid or gas into it. Adsorbent is a process by which some liquid or
gas gets accumulated on the surface of a solid material.)
 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
• Indoor Air contaminants can also be diluted in
concentration by introducing substantial quantities of
outdoor air into the building. This process is called
Ventilation.

•The intentional introduction of outside air can be

categorized as either mechanical ventilation,
or natural ventilation. 

•Mechanical ventilation uses fans to drive the flow of

outside air into a building. This may be accomplished
by pressurization or by depressurization.
AIR-CONDITIONING IN TERMITE MOUNDS
 AIR-CONDITIONING IN TERMITE MOUNDS
• Engineer Ben Bronsema built his career around
working on machines he knew people didn’t like: air
conditioning systems for big buildings.

•Air conditioning units are loud, big, expensive, not

pretty to look at and consume a lot of energy. Yet,
they get the job done.

•After struggling with the pitfalls of modern air

conditioning for years, Bronsema had an idea — look
to nature.
 AIR-CONDITIONING IN TERMITE MOUNDS
• These are very large buildings they build for
themselves.

•Inside that building, that mound, they grow a

fungus. The fungus is their primary food source.

• The fungus grows best at a temperature of 30

degrees Celsius, so the temperature in the mound has
to be kept at 30 degrees, while outside it’s 50 degrees
in daytime and the sun is shining on the hill, and at
night time, the temperature can go down to about
zero.”
 Assignment

• Elaborate the class notes and submit the notebook by the end
of lecture.

Support your answers with relevant examples and sketches.