Chapter 1

What is Software?
FAQs about Software Engineering What are Software Products?

Professional and Ethical What is Software Process?
Responsibility What is Software
Engineering?
What is Good Characteristics
What is Software? of Software?
A set of instructions, stored digitally within the

computer’s memory, which tells the computer system
what to do
Enable the user to interact with a computer, its hardware,
or perform tasks.
Software products may be developed for a particular customer
or may be developed for a general market.
Software Engineering Overview 3/

What is Software?
Engineering?
What is Software of Software?
Cont...
There are two main categories of software these are

system software and application software.
System software
It is software that directly operates the computer hardware and
provides the basic functionality to the users as well as to the
other software to operate smoothly.
System software basically controls a computer’s internal
functioning and also controls hardware devices such as
monitors, printers, and storage devices, etc.
Example of system software is operating system,
drivers.

What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Application Software
Software that performs special functions or provides functions
that are much more than the basic operation of the computer
is known as application software.
Application software is designed to perform a specific task for
end-users.
It is a product or a program that is designed only to
fulfill end-users’ requirements.
Example of application software is word processors,
spreadsheets, database management, inventory, payroll
programs, etc.

What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Components of Software : There are three components of

the software: These are : Program, Documentation, and
Operating Procedures.
Program :- A computer program is a list of instructions that
tell a computer what to do.
Documentation :- Source information about the product
contained in design documents, detailed code comments,
etc.
Operating Procedures :- Set of step-by-step instructions
compiled by an organization to help workers carry out
complex routine operations.

What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Figure: Components of Software.

What is Software?
Engineering?
What are Software Products? of Software?
Software product is a product designated for delivery to the

user.
Software systems delivered to the customer with the
documentation that describes how to install and use
the system.
In certain cases, software products may be part of system
products where hardware, as well as software, is delivered to
a customer.

What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Figure: List of Operating Procedures Manuals

What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Software products fall into two broad

categories:
1 Generic products
2 Customized
products
Software Engineering Overview 10 /

What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Generic products
Stand-alone systems which are produced by a
development organization and sold on the open market to
any customer.
Generic product is the one done for general purpose
audience.
The generic software product is made according to
future updates and it’s for a limited period.
Examples: Microsoft Word, Microsoft power point, Microsoft
Excel, Database Application like Access, web browser, Gmail,
Messaging Apps, Social Media Websites and etc.
What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Customized products:
Systems which are commissioned by a specific customer
and developed by some contractor.
Customize product is done to satisfy a particular need of
a particular client.
Custom software is made according to time, budget
and needs. So anytime you can update it.
Examples of this type of software include hotel
security system, hospital management system and
etc.

What is Software?
Engineering?
What is Software Process? of Software?
It is a set of related activities that leads to the production

of the software.
These activities may involve the development of the
software from the scratch, or, modifying an existing system.
Any software process must include the following four
activities:
Software specification
Software design and implementation
Software verification and validation
Software evolution

What is Software?
Engineering?
What is Software Engineering? of Software?
Software engineering is a systematic, disciplined,

quantifiable study and approach to the design,
development, operation, and maintenance of a software
system.
It is a discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software
production from early stage of system specification through
to maintaining the system.
Software engineering is concerned with theories, methods
and tools for professional software development.

What is Software?
Engineering?
What is Good Characteristics of Software? of Software?
The factors that decide the software properties are divided into
three categories:
Operational
Transitional
Maintenance

What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...
Operational:- This characteristic let us know about how

well software works in the operations which can be
measured on:
Budget
Efficiency
Usability
Dependabilit
y
Correctness
Functionality
Safety
Security Software Engineering Overview 17 /
What is Software?
Engineering?
Cont...

What is Software?
Professional and Ethical Responsibility What is Software Process?
What is Software
Engineering?
Cont...
Transitional:- This is an essential aspect when the software is

moved from one platform to another:
Interoperability: ability of software to exchange information
with other applications.
Reusability: If we are able to use the software code with some
modifications for different purpose then we call software to be
reusable.
Portability: ability of software to perform same functions
across all environments and platforms.

What is Software?
Engineering?
What are Good Characteristics of Software? of Software?
Cont...
Maintenance:- This aspect talks about how well software has

the capabilities to adapt itself in the quickly changing
environment:
Flexibility: Changes in the software should be easy to
make.
Maintainability: Maintenance of the software should be
easy for any kind of user.
Modularity: Any software is said to made of units
and modules which are independent of each other.
Scalability: It should be very easy to upgrade it for
more work(or for more number of users).
FAQs about Software Engineering
Issues of Professional Responsibility
Professional and Ethical
Responsibility
Professional and Ethical Responsibility
Software engineering involves wider responsibilities

than simply the application of technical skills.
Software engineers must behave in an honest and ethically
responsible way if they are to be respected as
professionals.

Responsibility
Confidentiality:- You should normally respect the

confidentiality of your employers or clients irrespective of
whether or not a formal confidentiality agreement has been
signed.
Competence:- You should not misrepresent your level of
competence. You should not knowingly accept work that is
outside your competence.

Responsibility
Professional and Ethical Responsibility

Cont...
Intellectual property rights:- You should be aware of local laws

governing the use of intellectual property such as patents
and copyright. You should be careful to ensure that the
intellectual property of employers and clients is protected.
Computer misuse:- You should not use your technical skills to
misuse other people’s computers. Computer misuse ranges
from relatively trivial (game playing on an employer’s
machine, say) to extremely serious (dissemination of viruses
or other malware).

General issues that affect most software
Application types
General issues that affect most software?
Heterogeneity
• Increasingly, systems are required to operate as distributed
systems across networks that include different types of computer
and mobile devices.
Business and social change
• Business and society are changing incredibly quickly as emerging
economies develop and new technologies become available. They
need to be able to change their existing software and to rapidly
develop new software.
Security and trust
• As software is intertwined with all aspects of our lives, it is
essential that we can trust that software.
Software Engineering Overview

Application types
Application types
Stand-alone applications
• These are application systems that run on a local computer, such
as a PC. They include all necessary functionality and do not need
to be connected to a network.
Interactive transaction-based applications

• Applications that execute on a remote computer and are accessed
by users from their own PCs or terminals. These include web
applications such as e-commerce applications.
Embedded control systems

• These are software control systems that control and manage
hardware devices. Numerically, there are probably more
embedded systems than any other type of system.

Application types
Application types
Cont…
Batch processing systems
• These are business systems that are designed to process data in large
batches. They process large numbers of individual inputs to create
corresponding outputs.
Entertainment systems
• These are systems that are primarily for personal use and which are
intended to entertain the user.
Systems for modelling and simulation
• these are systems that are developed by scientists and engineers to

model physical processes or situations, which include many, separate,
interacting objects.
Application types
Application types
Cont…
Data collection systems
• These are systems that collect data from their environment using a
set of sensors and send that data to other systems for processing.
(usually in hostile environments)
Systems of systems
• These are systems that are composed of a number of other

software systems.

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What is Software?

FAQs about Software Engineering What are Software Products?

A set of instructions, stored digitally within the

Software Engineering Overview 3/

There are two main categories of software these are

Software Engineering Overview 4/

Software Engineering Overview 5/

Components of Software : There are three components of

Software Engineering Overview 6/

Figure: Components of Software.

Software Engineering Overview 7/

Software product is a product designated for delivery to the

Software Engineering Overview 8/

Figure: List of Operating Procedures Manuals

Software Engineering Overview 9/

Software products fall into two broad

Software Engineering Overview 10 /

Software Engineering Overview 12 /

It is a set of related activities that leads to the production

Software Engineering Overview 13 /

Software engineering is a systematic, disciplined,

Software Engineering Overview 15 /

Software Engineering Overview 16 /

Operational:- This characteristic let us know about how

Software Engineering Overview 17 /

Transitional:- This is an essential aspect when the software is

Software Engineering Overview 18 /

Maintenance:- This aspect talks about how well software has

Professional and Ethical Responsibility

Software engineering involves wider responsibilities

Software Engineering Overview 20 /

Issues of Professional Responsibility

Confidentiality:- You should normally respect the

Software Engineering Overview 21 /

Professional and Ethical Responsibility

Intellectual property rights:- You should be aware of local laws

Software Engineering Overview 22 /

General issues that affect most software?

Software Engineering Overview

Interactive transaction-based applications

Embedded control systems

Software Engineering Overview

Systems for modelling and simulation

• these are systems that are developed by scientists and engineers to

• These are systems that are composed of a number of other

Software Engineering Overview

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