December.

19, 2022

Moment Redistribution in Continuous Beams

with High-Strength Reinforcement

Do-Yeong Hwang Jae-Yeol Cho

Master’s Course Professor
Concrete Structures Lab. Dept. of Civil & Environmental Eng.
Dept. of Civil & Environmental Eng. Seoul National University
Seoul National University
1/23
Contents

1. Research Background

2. Current Codes and Specifications

3. Literature Review

4. Further Study

2/23
 Research Background
 Rising demands for high-strength reinforcement
 Construction of high-rise buildings and long-span bridges
 Application of high-strength reinforcement is increasing
• Less construction costs
• Shortening of construction period

1. Research Background 3/23

 Research Background
 Limits to yield strength of reinforcement 뒷페이지와 연결

 Safety of high-strength reinforcement has not been thoroughly investigated

 Applicable yield strength of reinforcement is limited to around 600MPa
Design code KDS 14 20 10 [1] ACI 318 [2] AASTHO LRFD [3] KDS 24 14 21 [4] Eurocode 2 [5] CSA A23.3 [6]

Maximum
yield strength 600 550 690 600 600 500
of reinforcement
(MPa)

 AASHTO LRFD
 Chemical process is used to strengthen steel in US, while heating process is used in Korea
 Different strengthening method leads to different material properties of steel
확인
 Although AASHTO allows up to 690MPa, the limit is not appropriate for application in Korea
 For application of 700MPa reinforcement, its safety must be investigated

1. Research Background 4/23

 Research Background
 Moment redistribution
 An indeterminate structure forms plastic hinges until it becomes determinate
 As a hinge forms, moment at the critical cross-section is redistributed to other cross-sections
𝑃 𝑃

Moment before redistribution

Moment after redistribution

 M 
% redistribution  1  u   100  % 
Moment

0
 Me 
M u : moment after redistribution
−𝑀𝑢
M e : moment before redistribution
−𝑀𝑒

0 𝐿 2𝐿
Location
1. Research Background 5/23
 Research Background
 Design with moment redistribution
 In most design codes, applying moment redistribution is allowed for continuous flexural members [1-6]
 Flexural capacity at the critical cross-section may be reduced
• Less material cost
• Less congestion of reinforcement
• Simplified detailing of reinforcement
 For safe design, sufficient plastic rotation is required to guarantee moment redistribution

1. Research Background 6/23

 Research Background
 Effect of high-strength reinforcement on moment redistribution
 Different material properties of high-strength reinforcement
• No distinct yield plateau
• Low elongation at failure
 High-strength reinforcement has negative effect on ductility of the member [7]
 Moment redistribution is affected by yield strength of reinforcement

1. Research Background 7/23

 Current Codes and Specifications
 Allowable moment redistribution
 Percentage of flexural capacity that may be reduced due to moment redistribution
 Current codes limit moment redistribution using two criteria
• Net tensile strain,
• Ratio of the depth of the neutral axis, , to the effective depth of the beam,

KDS ACI 318

Design code 14 20 10 AASTHO LRFD [3] KDS 24 14 21 [4] Eurocode 2 [5] CSA A23.3 [6]
[1] [2]

Allowable
moment redis-
tribution
(%)

1- 값인지 ?
변수
2. Current Codes and Specifications 8/23
 Current Design Codes and Specifications
 Effect of yield strength of reinforcement on allowable moment redistribution
 Limits on allowable moment redistribution may all be expressed by using strain compatibility
 For constant , yield strength of reinforcement has no effect on strain distribution
 Yield strength of reinforcement does not affect and allowable moment redistribution

𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝑓𝑐
𝐶
N.A.
𝑐
𝑑 c  cu

d  cu   t

𝐴𝑠 𝜀𝑡 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦
(a) Cross-section (b) Strain diagram (c) Stress diagram

2. Current Codes and Specifications 9/23

 Current Design Codes and Specifications
 Effect of yield strength of reinforcement on allowable moment redistribution
 Only AASHTO reflects the effect of yield strength of reinforcement

Independent of yield strength of reinforcement Dependent of yield strength of reinforcement

Allowable moment redistribution, %

Allowable moment redistribution, %

40 40
KDS 14 20 10, ACI 318 AASHTO LRFD
KDS 24 14 21 Grade 60
CSA A23.3 Grade 100
30 30
Eurocode 2

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Net tensile strain Net tensile strain

2. Current Codes and Specifications 10/23

 Current Design Codes and Specifications
 KDS 14 20 10 and ACI 318
 For higher yield strength of reinforcement, moment is less redistributed [8]
 KDS and ACI considered yield strength of up to 550MPa for current limits
 Current limits may not be safe for application of Grade 700 reinforcement

KDS 14 20 10 Commentary Fig. 4.3.2-1 ACI 318 Commentary Fig R6.6.5

Percent change in moment

깔끔버전

Net tensile strain

2. Current Codes and Specifications 11/23

 Literature Review
 전용주 (2021) [16]
 Investigation of moment redistribution in high-strength continuous beams

Specimen (MPa) (MPa)

S400–C30–T1 0.0075
S400–C30–T2 30 0.013
S400–C30–T3 0.02
400
S400–C60–T1 0.0075
S400–C60–T2 60 0.013
S400–C60–T3 0.02
S700–C30–T1 0.0075
S700–C30–T2 30 0.013
S700–C30–T3 0.02
700
S700–C60–T1 0.0075
S700–C60–T2 60 0.013
S700–C60–T3 0.02

3. Literature Review 12/23

 Literature Review
 전용주 (2021) [16] SD400 우상향 안함

KDS 14 20 10 KDS 14 20 10

 Results showed less redistribution than the limit suggested by the codes even when SD400 was used
 Validity of the results must be checked

3. Literature Review 13/23

 Literature Review
 전용주 (2021) [16]
Central support
Central support
Midspan
Midspan

 Substantial redistribution occurs after cracking of concrete, followed by decrease in redistribution

3. Literature Review 14/23
 Literature Review
 Lou et al. (2014) [17]
 Ideal pattern of moment redistribution of two groups
• High tensile reinforcement ratio at the midspan
• High tensile reinforcement ratio at the center support
High tensile reinforcement ratio High tensile reinforcement ratio
at the midspan at the center support

3. Literature Review 15/23

 Literature Review 특정 변형률을 파괴
시점으로 두고
설계하는게 맞는지 ?
 Comparison of 전용주 (2021) and Lou et al. (2014) 그냥 보 하나 두고
Lou et al.
변형률 도달할 때마다
Central support 재분ㄴ배율 읽으면
Midspan High tensile reinforcement ratio High tensile reinforcement ratio
at the midspan 안되나 at the center support

 Ideal pattern of increase in redistribution after yielding of reinforcement did not appear
 Yield of reinforcement at center support and midspan occurred without sufficient interval
 Ratio of amount of reinforcement in positive and negative moment regions need to be modified
3. Literature Review 16/23
 Literature Review
그림을 앞
 Mattock (1959) [8]
 Basis of moment redistribution limits in ACI 318
 Evaluation of performance in the working-load range or at failure
 재분배율 25% 에서 부재의 performance (crack, deflection) 에 악영향 없음

재분배율 조절 방법
Concrete cube Yield strength of
Percentage re- strength
Series Beam First yielding Cross-section reinforcement
distribution (%)
(MPa) (MPa)
1 -
2 9.4
1 Midspan Rectangular 31 397
3 17.2
4 30.4
NR1 -
321
2 R1 Center support T-shaped 25 21
R2 25 490

3. Literature Review 17/23

 Literature Review
 Mattock (1959) [8]

Series 1 Series 2

3. Literature Review 18/23

 Literature Review
 Cohn (1965) [?]
 Basis of moment redistribution limits in ACI 318
 Suggestion of rotation compatibility condition for optimum limit design
• All plastic hinges necessary for a structural collapse may actually occur without premature local fracture of concrete
• The inelastic rotation of any plastic hinge should remain less than the available rotation capacity
 Upper limitation of the tensile reinforcement for application of moment redistribution

 Span 에서의 rotation compatibility 는 확인 불필요

• Plastic zone 의 길이가 더 김
• 일반적으로 지점보다 지간에서 slab effect 로 인해 더 큰 소성 곡률을 가짐

3. Literature Review 19/23

 Literature Review
 Cohn (1965) [?]
 (b) 처럼 위험 단면에 인접한 지점이 힌지일 경우 더 큰 회전 변형을 나타내므로 안전측의 결과
 따라서 중앙 지점을 위험단면으로 한 2 경간 연속보에서 모멘트 재분배를 확인하여도 됨

(a)

(b)

3. Literature Review 20/23

 Literature Review
 Mast (1992) [?]
 Redefines permissible moment redistribution in terms of net tensile strain at nominal strength
• Previous balanced strain conditions are easily applied to rectangular, singly reinforced sections only

0.003+ 𝑓 𝑦 / 𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑡 = −0.003
𝜌 / 𝜌𝑏

3. Literature Review 21/23

 Literature Review
 Mast (1992) [?]
 아래와 같이 최외곽 철근의 항복 변형률을 변수로 재분배율을 표시한 식도 제시했는데 유도
과정을 담은 reference 를 찾을 수 없음
• 어떤 가정들 하에 유도된 식인지 ?
• 고강도 철근에 대해 적용 가능할지 ?
𝑥
=
3 𝜀𝑡
100 − 𝑥 2 𝜀 𝑡𝑦
−1
( )( 𝑑
𝑙
+0.01 )
Allowable moment redistribution, %

Allowable moment redistribution, %

40 40
KDS 14 20 10, ACI 318 AASHTO LRFD 420MPa
KDS 24 14 21 AASHTO LRFD 690MPa
CSA A23.3 Mast, 420MPa
30 30
Eurocode 2 Mast, 690MPa
Mast, 420MPa
20 Mast, 690MPa 20

10 10

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Net tensile strain Net tensile strain

3. Literature Review 22/23

 Literature Review
 Sharooz et al. (2011) [?]
 ASTM A1035 Grade 689 고강도 철근의 도입을 위한 검증
 Mast 가 제시해서 바뀌기 이전의 balanced reinforcement ratio 의 절반 규정을 사용 , 순인장
변형률을 철근 항복 강도에 대한 식으로 표현

기호 이름 넣기
3. Literature Review 23/23
 Literature Review
 Sharooz et al. (2011) [?]
 모멘트 재분배를 적용할 수 있는 최소 순인장 변형률을 새롭게 제시할 뿐 , 고강도 철근 사용에
따른 모멘트 재분배율의 변화를 확인하지 못함 ???
 실험적인 검증 결여 , 단순보에서의 crack, deflection 등만 확인
빼기

3. Literature Review 24/23

 DIANA FEA
 Objective
 Understanding of previous test data
 Reference data for revising test specimens
 Variables
 Yield strength of reinforcement
 Concrete compressive strength
 Net tensile strength
 Amount of reinforcement in positive and negative moment regions
 Effects of and

4. Further Study 25/23

 DIANA FEA
 해석
 실험 결과처럼 연성 구간이 나타나지 않고 조기에 발산함
 콘크리트 강도 도달 후 residual strength 를 강도만큼 적용하여 경향 확인
• 실험 게이지 값에서 극한 변형률에 도달하지 않은 경우도 마찬가지
 콘크리트의 인장력이 너무 크게 나타남
600

Applied load, kN
400

200
Jeon
No tension
Tension
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Deflection, mm

4. Further Study 26/23

 Reference
1. KDS 14 20 00 Concrete structure design (Ultimate state design method, Korean institute of Bridge and Structural Engineers, Korea Bridge
Design and Engineering Research Center; 2021
2. ACI 318-19 Building code requirements for structural concrete, ACI Committee 318; 2019
3. AASHTO LRFD Bridge design specifications 9th edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; 2020
4. KDS 24 14 21 Concrete design code (Limit state design method), Korean institute of Bridge and Structural Engineers, Korea Bridge Design
and Engineering Research Center; 2019
5. Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures - Concrete bridges – Design and detailing rules, European Committee for Standardization; 2005
6. CSA A23.3-19 Design of concrete structure, Canadian standards association; 2019
7. Lee, H.-J. (2013). Evaluation on moment-curvature relations and curvature ductility factor of reinforced concrete beams with high
strength materials. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 25(3): 283-294.
8. Mattock, A. H. (1959). "Redistribution of design bending moments in reinforced concrete continuous beams.“ Proceedings of the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers 13(1): 35-46.
9. 고만영 , 김상우 , 김진구 , 이정윤 (2001). " 고강도 철근콘크리트 보의 모멘트 재분배에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Moment
Redistribution of Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beams)." 대한건축학회 논문집 - 구조계 17(9): 9-16.
10. Bosco, C. and P. G. Debernardi (1993). "Influence of some basic parameters on the plastic rotation of reinforced concrete elements." CEB
Bulletin d’Information 218.

1. Introduction 27/23
 Reference
11. Puranam, A. Y. (2018). “Strength and Serviceability of Concrete Elements Reinforced with High-Strength Steel.”, PhD dissertation, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, America.
12. Shahrooz., et al. (2011). "Design of Concrete Structures Using High-Strength Steel Reinforcement .", National Cooperative Highway Re-
search Program Report 679 : 22-23
13. 윤형재 , 이승배 , 김상식 , 김강수 , 장수연 (2008). " 철근의 부착상태에 따른 철근콘크리트 연속보에서의 모멘트재분배에
대한 실험적 검증 ." 콘크리트학회 논문집 20(1): 23-33.
14. George, C. E. "Moment and Shear Redistribution in Two-Span Continuous Reinforced Concrete Beams*." ACI Journal Proceedings 55(11).
15. Hardisty, J. N. (2019). “Service and Limit State Performance of RC Beams with High-Strength Reinforcement.”, PhD dissertation, UC Berke-
ley, Berkeley, America.
16. Jeon (2021). “Effect of Rebar Yield Strength for Flexural Behavior and Moment Redistribution in Continuous Beams”, MA dissertation,
Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
17. Lou, T., Lopes, S. M., & Lopes, A. V. (2014). Evaluation of moment redistribution in normal-strength and high-strength reinforced concrete
beams. Journal of Structural Engineering, 140(10), 04014072.
18. Scott, R. & Whittle, R, (2005). Moment redistribution effects in beams. Magazine of Concrete Research. 57. 10.1680/macr.2005.57.1.9.
19. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2011). Design of Concrete Structures Using High-Strength Steel Reinforce-
ment.

1. Introduction 28/23
 Literature Review
 Scott et al. (2005) [18]
 Emphasis on elastic redistribution of moments
• In indeterminate structures, change in flexural rigidity along the span causes the moment to change accordingly
• Elastic redistribution takes place when calculated assuming constant flexural rigidity

Central support
Midspan

3. Literature Review 29/23

 Literature Review
 Comparison of reinforcement in positive and negative moment regions
 Theoretical : ideal amount of reinforcement with moment redistribution applied
 Real : amount of reinforcement in the specimen
Theoretical [] Real []
Specimen
Positive (a) Negative (b) Positive (a) Negative (b)
S400–C30–T1 1090 1169 1154 1267
S400–C30–T2 802 774 760 826
S400–C30–T3 639 542 507 634
S400–C60–T1 2180 2338 1900 1900
S400–C60–T2 1604 1549 1154 1394
S400–C60–T3 1278 1083 826 1028
S700–C30–T1 623 668 634 826
S700–C30–T2 458 443 380 507
S700–C30–T3 365 310 380 380
S700–C60–T1 1246 1336 1028 1154
S700–C60–T2 917 885 634 826
S700–C60–T3 730 619 507 507

3. Literature Review 30/23

 Literature Review
 Comparison of reinforcement in positive and negative moment regions
 Amount of reinforcement was generalized by moment acting on the region
 Positive moment region was under-reinforced while negative moment region was over-reinforced
Theoretical Real Theoretical / Real
Specimen
Positive (a) Negative (b) Positive (a) Negative (b) (a) / (a) (b) / (b)
S400–C30–T1 9.828 8.784 10.070 12.746 0.976 0.689
S400–C30–T2 9.804 7.885 8.352 10.261 1.174 0.768
A b 처리
S400–C30–T3 10.003 7.070 7.305 8.892 1.369 0.795
S400–C60–T1 9.828 8.784 9.467 10.926 1.038 0.804
S400–C60–T2 9.804 7.890 8.974 9.023 1.093 0.874
S400–C60–T3 10.003 7.064 7.778 9.981 1.286 0.708
S700–C30–T1 5.617 5.019 6.073 8.622 0.925 0.582
S700–C30–T2 5.599 4.513 4.792 6.508 1.168 0.693
S700–C30–T3 5.714 4.044 5.087 5.060 1.123 0.799
S700–C60–T1 5.617 5.019 5.942 6.977 0.945 0.719
S700–C60–T2 5.605 4.508 5.044 6.291 1.111 0.717
S700–C60–T3 5.714 4.037 4.829 5.147 1.183 0.784

3. Literature Review 31/23

 DIANA FEA
 Progress
 FEA results do not match the test results
350
 Need to modify the model
300
• Loading method
• Material models 250

Force, kN
• Iteration method 200

• Tolerance 150

100

50 FEA
Jeon
0
0 10 20 30 40
Displacement, mm

4. Further Study 32/23

 DIANA FEA
 Progress

Lou et al.

High tensile reinforcement ratio High tensile reinforcement ratio

at the midspan at the center support 30

Center Support
20

10

R, %
FEA
0 Jeon

-10
Midspan

-20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Force, kN

4. Further Study 33/23

 SD700 Reinforcement
 Required quantity
 Referring to the previous reinforcement design

D13 D19 D22

Length (m) 261 6 13

 Tensile test results

 3 D13, 1 D19, 1 D22 reinforcement specimens were tested
 All the specimens showed yield strength of around 700MPa
 Need to check for seismic reinforcement (SD700S)
• Tensile-to-yield strength
• Elongation

4. Further Study 34/23

 Literature Review
 Current issues
 First yielding point : midspan or center support
• Determined by amount of reinforcement in positive and negative moment areas
 When to evaluate the moment redistribution
 Unexpected increase in redistribution at early stages
 Design procedures to reflect reduction in flexural strength due to redistribution

Central support
Midspan

3. Literature Review 35/23