6.

SEISMOLOGY AND
EARTHQUAKE….
SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS(MSTR502)

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 1

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Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 5
Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 6
Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

An earthquake of 7.8 Mw struck with epicentre around Barpak,

Gorkha District (40 Seconds Strong Shaking) at 11:56 local time on
April 25, Saturday
Several aftershock felt, including 6.9 Mw on 26 April and 7.3 Mw on
12 May; the total number of aftershock of greater than 4.0 M is 436
(until 24th February 2016)
The tremor was felt all over Nepal, and in Tibet, Sikkim, Bihar,
Uttar Pradesh and Delhi
Major impact in the Kathmandu Valley and other more than 30
districts of the country
After 1934, this was the most devastating quake (after 82 years)
that theEr.present generation has experienced
Umesh Jung Thapa 7
Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake
Acceleration Histories in Kanti Path, KTM

Resultant Horizontal Acceleration (PGAR) = 0.164 g

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 8
Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

 Maximum slip occurs towards the East of the

mainshock (About 150 km) . This is consistent with
field observations.

Thrust faulting near Kakani.

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 9
Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 10

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 11

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 12

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Slope Failure and Landslides

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Slope Failure and Landslides

Arniko Highway to Khasa and Mainroad of Melamchi 15

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Liquefaction

Liquefaction problem Major cites of Kathmandu Valley 16

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Liquefaction

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Liquefaction

Pockets on the Bagmati and Bishnumati rivers -Many tilted buildings: Poss
pore water pressure rise and liquefied the soil
Sitapaila,Gongabu, Balaju etc have soil bearing capacities of 52-106 KN/m2
Very Sensitive sites for the construction of structures
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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Ground Fissures (Araniko Highway, Near Kausaltar)

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Ground Fissures

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Debris Avalanches (Langtang Debris Avalenche)

Photo: Dr. B. Tiwari 21

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake
Highway/Road (Damage to the Araniko Highway)

Other major highways we observed are generally in good condition

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with the exception of landslide blockages.

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake
Bridges

No significance damaged were observed in Kathmandu.

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

School / College

Baluwa, Kavre Palungtar, Gorkha

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

School / College

The number and location of potentially affected schools-Total

4,500 schools are affected 25
Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Effects on Cultural Heritage

Before After Before After Basantapur Darbar Square Area 26

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Effects on Cultural Heritage

 Deep cracks on the construction along the

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outer walls of the Pashupathinath Temple.
Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake

Effects on Cultural Heritage

Mankamana Temple was found almost 28

damaged.
Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake
High Rise Structures

Horizon suffered serious damage, whereas others 29

appeared to have suffered little to no damage

Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake
Effects on Buildings at Barpak, Gorkha

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Introduction and Features of Gorkha Earthquake
Effects on Buildings at Barpak, Gorkha

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• Earthquake Recording Instrumentations
Seismoscope
Seismograph
Accelerograph
Microtremor (for Research Propose)

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 32

• Seismoscopes
• The first earthquake recorder was an artistic device
invented by a Chinese scholar, Chang Heng, about 132 A.D.
• It did not record the complete time history of the
earthquake waves, but did record the direction of principal
impulse due to an earthquake.

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 33

• Seismoscopes

Left: Photograph showing Chinese scholar Chang Heng with the

seismoscope, he designed (about 132 A.D.). Right: Maori god of earthquake
Chang Heng's seismoscope
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• Seismoscopes

A wine jar of diameter six feet.

On the outside of the vessel there were
eight dragon heads, facing the eight
principal directions of the compass.

Below each of the dragon heads was a

frog, with its mouth opened toward the
dragon.
The mouth of each dragon held a ball.
The inside of the chinese seismoscope is
unknown.

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• Seismoscopes

At the occurrence of an EQ, one of

the eight dragon-mouths would
release a ball into the open mouth.
The direction of the shaking
determined which of the dragons
released its ball.
The instrument is reported to have
detected a four-hundred-mile
distant EQ, which was not felt at the
location of the seismoscope.

Er. Umesh Jung Thapa 36

THANK YOU